涉外合同按繁簡不同,盡管可以采取不同書面形式,如正式合同(Contract)、協(xié)議書(Agreement)、確認書(Confirmation)、備忘錄(Memorandum)、訂單(Order)等等,但是一般都包含如下幾個部分:
一、合同名稱(Title)
二、前文(Preamble)
1. 訂約日期和地點
Date and place of signing
2. 合同當事人及其國籍、主營業(yè)所或住所
Signing parties and their nationalities, principal place of business or residence addresses
3. 當事人合法依據(jù)
Each party's authority,比如,該公司是"按當?shù)胤烧浇M織而存在的"(a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of XXX)
4. 訂約緣由/說明條款
Recitals or WHEREAS clause
三、本文(Body)
1. 定義條款(Definition clause)
2. 基本條款(Basic conditions)
3. 一般條款(General terms and conditions)
a. 合同有效期(Duration)
b. 合同的終止(Termination)
c. 不可抗力(Force Majeure)
d. 合同的讓與(Assignment)
e. 仲裁(Arbitration)
f. 適用的法律(Governing law)
g. 訴訟管轄(Jurisdiction)
h. 通知手續(xù)(Notice)
i. 合同修改(Amendment)
j. 其它(Others)
四、結尾條款(WITNESS clause)
1. 結尾語,包括份數(shù)、使用的文字和效力等(Concluding sentence)
2. 簽名(Signature)
3. 蓋?。⊿eal)
以上的格式和內(nèi)容并非一成不變,當事人可以根據(jù)各自交易情況做出調(diào)整或增刪。
用詞方面
一、多用正式或法律上的用詞,比如:
· At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.
應乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技術人員幫助乙方安裝設備。 assist 較 help 正式;
· The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.
所有人員不得參加伊拉克國內(nèi)的任何政治活動。partake in 較 take part in 正式;
· The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.
雇主應該對有關人員給予正確技術指導。 render 較 give 正式;
· Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.
甲方應將病人遣返中國并負責其返回廣州的旅費。 repatriate 較 send back 正式;
· This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.
本合同受中國法律管轄,并按中國法律解釋。construe 較 explain, interpret 正式;
· The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.
雇主認為承包人委派的授權代表不合格時,可以反對并要求立即撤換。require較ask正式;公文體forthwith 較 at once 正式;
· The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.
董事長可以根據(jù)董事會過1/3董事的提議而召集臨時董事會議。convene, interim 都是正式用詞。
· In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.
如一方想出售或轉讓其投資之全部或部分,另一方有優(yōu)先購買權。法律用詞assign 較 transfer 正式.
· In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.
加工貿(mào)易中,廠方無論是對原料還是成品都無所有權。 法律用詞title 較 ownership 正式.
· The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.
"生效期"指雙方合同簽字的日子。 法律用詞execute 較 sign 正式.
與口頭表述不同,合同是法律性的正式書面文件,使用正式的、法律的用詞是必要的。合同起草者應多加強這方面的學習。
二、多使用"here","there","where"等前綴:
hereafter = after this time; 今后
hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此
herein = in this; 此中,于此
hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文
thereafter = afterwards; 此后,后來
thereby = by that means; 因此;由此;在那方面
therein = from that; 在那里;在那點上
thereinafter = later in the same contract; 以下;在下文
whereby = by what; by which; 由是;憑那個
wherein = in what; in which; 在哪里;在哪點上
……
是不是有點頭昏眼花?初學時確實容易搞混,告訴你個小竅門,here 代表 this,there 代表 that,where 代表 what/which,就容易記多了。
三、多用"shall"代替"will"或"should"加強語氣和強制力。
· This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.
本合同簽字生效。
· This Contract shall be written in English in four copies. Each party shall keep two copies.
本合同應以英文寫成,一式四份,雙方各持兩份。
合同中,shall并非單純表示將來時,而常用來表示法律上可強制執(zhí)行的義務,具有約束力,宜譯為"應"、"應該"、"必須"; will無論語氣還是強制力要比shall弱,宜譯為"將"、"原"、"要";should通常只用來表示語氣較強的假設、比如"萬一"。
用語方面
一、力求嚴謹,明白無誤:
· The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this Contract.
下列文件應被認為、讀作、解釋為本合同的組成部分;
· This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.
本合同只能按照雙方授權代表簽名蓋章的文件進行修改或增補;
· All activities of ABC Co. shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.
ABC公司的一切活動必須受中國的法律、法令和有關規(guī)章條例的管轄。
二、多用主動語態(tài),少用被動語態(tài):
· Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (不宜)
乙方被甲方委托為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商;
· Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (適宜)
甲方委托乙方為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商;
三、多用現(xiàn)在時,少用將來時,盡管很多條款規(guī)定的是合同簽訂以后的事項:
· Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events:
當有下列事件之一發(fā)生,被許可人提前90天向許可人發(fā)送書面通知后,可以終止合同:
1. Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;
許可人無力償付債務或其破產(chǎn)清算人以被指定;
2. The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract; and
第二條規(guī)定的專利未在簽約后30天之內(nèi)發(fā)布;
3. Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.
許可人未能履行其合同義務。
四、直接表達方式用得多,間接表達方式用的較少:
· This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full. (用得少)
本條款不適用于尚未全部償付的債券持有者。
· This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full. (用得多)
本條款只適用于已全部償付的債券持有者。
五、盡量使用一個動詞,避免使用"動詞+名詞+介詞"的同意短語:
· Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.
甲方應于簽約后30天內(nèi)指派其授權代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.
· Party A will give consideration to Party B's proposal of exclusive agency.
甲方愿意考慮乙方獨家代理的建議。宜用consider代替give consideration to.
六、下列特殊用語使用頻繁:
1. WHEREAS 鑒于
正式而重要的合同,尤其是英美法系的合同,多用它在前文中引出簽約背景和目的,起連詞作用:
WHEREAS the Employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered available for the construction of High-Rise Residential Complex in Baghdad, Iraq;
鑒于雇主欲請勞動力建造伊拉克巴格達的高層住宅綜合大樓;
WHEREAS the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Works;
鑒于承包人想為此工程提供勞動力;
2. WITNESS 證明
在合同前文中常用作首句的謂語動詞:
This Agreement, made by ……
WITNESSES
WHEREAS……, it is agreed as follows:
本協(xié)議由……簽訂證明:鑒于……特此達成協(xié)議如下:
3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF 作為所協(xié)議事項的證據(jù):
該短語常用于合同的結尾條款:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.
作為所協(xié)議事項的證據(jù),雙方授權代表于上面首次寫明的日期正式簽訂本協(xié)議一式兩份。
4. IN CONSIDERATION OF 以……為約因/報酬
約因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一,沒有則合同不能依法強制履行。但是,大陸法系的合同則無此規(guī)定。
Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:
茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因,訂約雙方協(xié)議如下:
In consideration of the payment to be made by Party A to Party B, Party B hereby covenants with Party A to complete the building in conformity with the provisions of the Contract.
乙方特此立約向甲方保證按合同規(guī)定完成工程建設,以取得甲方所付的報酬。
5. NOW, THEREFORE 茲特
此短語用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協(xié)議事項的常用開頭語,并與其后hereby的結合。如果無HEREAS條款,則本短語可省略:
NOW, THEREFORE, it's hereby agreed and understood as follows;
茲特協(xié)議和諒解如下:
6. NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 茲特立約為據(jù)
本句話也是用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協(xié)議事項。
PRESENTS = the present writings 是主語,WITNESS是謂語:
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:
茲特立約為據(jù),并由訂約雙方協(xié)議如下:
7. IN THE PRESENCE OF 見證人
本短語只在有見證人時使用-在訂約雙方當事人簽名的下方由見證人簽名作證,一般是相關的律師(Attorney)或公證處(Notary Public):
IN THE PRESENCE OF the parties hereto have hereunder set their respective hands and seals:
作為協(xié)議事項的證據(jù),訂約雙方各自簽名蓋章如下:
For and on behalf the first Party(甲方代表):
The EMPLOYER (雇主)…
Capacity (職位) …
In the Presence of (見證人) …
Capacity (職位)…
Address (地址)…
For and on behalf of the Second party(乙方代表):
The CONTRACTOR (承包人) …
Capacity (職位)…
In the Presence of (見證人) …
Capacity (職位)…
Address (地址)….
涉外合同的其他表達方式
涉外合同還采用下列表達方式,使其更加完整、簡潔、醒目、結構嚴謹、主次分明:
1. 采用大小標題、分章、分條、分款、分項書寫。
2. 使用附錄(Annex)、一覽表(Schedule)等形式詳列某些必要的細節(jié)作為合同的組成部分。
3. 在合同前文之后使用定義(Definition)條款-把合同中反復出現(xiàn)的用語加以界定意義并賦予簡稱,既避免解釋上的分歧,又能使合同簡潔:
Article 1: Definitions
1.1 The Terms as used herein shall have the following meanings:
1.1.1 The term "Products" means the products specified in Annex 2.
1.1.2 The term "components" means any assembled or unassembled parts of the Products.
4. 合同某些需要強調(diào)的部分用大寫字母書寫以資醒目;
This AGREEMENT … WITNESSES that WHEREAS … and WHEREAS … NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of it is hereby agreed as follows:
5. 用"括號+簡稱"的方式把合同中反復出現(xiàn)的重要詞語簡化,以達到準確、簡潔的目的:
Foreign Advance Broadcasting Ltd of Amsterdam, Holland (hereinafter called 'LICENSOR") and China Broadcasting Products Factory (hereinafter called "LICENSEE") agree to sign this Contract with the terms and conditions as follows:
6. 用"數(shù)字+文字"的方式把合同中某些重要的金額、數(shù)量、期限等加以強調(diào),以資醒目:
US $ 4500 (Say US. Dollars Four Thousand Five Hundred only)
INVESTOR will assist CHINESE, PARTY to construct a paper mill in Guangdong Province, China, with a planned capacity of One Million (1000000) metric tons per year.
涉外合同撰寫人員的其他注意事項:
一、要能草擬多樣的涉外合同:
· 要能寫各種標的的合同,如以資金、技術、勞務、信息、運輸?shù)葹闃说牡暮贤?br/>
· 要能寫各種貿(mào)易方式的合同-不但會寫單項貿(mào)易合同,也要會寫包括多項貿(mào)易方式的合同,如包括商品購買、技術轉 讓、安裝維修培訓服務在內(nèi)的整套設備進口合同。
· 要能草擬符合各國法律要求的合同-較為復雜的英美法系的合同;較為簡單的大陸法系的合同;有所差別的社會主義 法系的合同。
二、正確理解和使用合同的形式:
涉外合同訂立的形式有口頭和書面兩種,使用哪一種要看國家法律的規(guī)定。鑒于我國涉外經(jīng)濟法第七條規(guī)定涉外合 同需以書面形式訂立,所以通過信函、電報、傳真達成的協(xié)議,也要簽訂確認書,才會受到我國法律的保護。
三、簡化合同格式和內(nèi)容:
堅持使用書面合同的原則的同時,可以根據(jù)實際情況簡化合同格式和內(nèi)容,簡化的原則如下:
· 貿(mào)易方式較簡單的交易,可使用簡便的表格式合同-將常用合同項目預先印成表格,然后把協(xié)商同意的內(nèi)容逐項填入表中,送請對方核對簽字;
· 與大陸法系國家或其他國家的商人簽約,沒必要使用英美法系合同前文中的訂約緣由條款。比如,可將"This Agreement, made …… WHEREAS …… and WHEREAS …… NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of …… it is hereby agreed as follows:"的冗長文句簡化為:"This Agreement is made …… It is mutually agreed as follows:"
· 有了"簽約地點",一般可省去"適用法律"和"訴訟管轄"條款;
· "通知手續(xù)"和"完整條款",若不是重要正式合同,可省略;
· 已有雙方合法代表親筆簽字,合同可以不再蓋?。?br/>
· 注意:合同的基本條款不能省略;不要因簡化而忽略了合同的合法性、全面性、明確性和嚴密性。
四、合同用詞和用語的改革:
與基礎英語相比,合同的詞語較復雜、繁冗、晦澀、難讀。因此,國外,特別是美國要求法律文件的格式和語言應 當現(xiàn)代化的呼聲愈來愈強烈。Robert E. Swindle早在美國1980年出版的The Business Communicator一書中就寫到:" …… legal and quasilegal documents can and are being written in everyday language. Several leading companies are rewriting their legal forms voluntarily, and the State of New York recently passed a law requiring that businesses write consumer contracts in nontechnical language. Additionally, the President of the United States has directed all administrative agencies to write future regulations in what he termed plain English for a change."
作為非英美發(fā)系的非英語國家,我們應該怎麼應對?Steven認為,萬事都有個漸變的過程,長年累月沉淀下來的習慣不是一下就能改變的。所以我們首先還是應該先通曉傳統(tǒng)的英語合同格式和用語,在精通的基礎上,才能談得上根據(jù)實際情況進行進一步的格式和用語方面的改革,否則,一切都是經(jīng)不起推敲的。