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三月看兩會：讓夢想照入現(xiàn)實
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Turning two sessions proposals into reality can be a long but rewarding process, report He Na and PengYining in Beijing.
For four years, He Youlin, an educator and deputy to the National People's Congress, repeatedly proposedthe relaxation of China's family planning policy.
Although the proposal was rejected on several occasions, he continued to raise the issue andeventuallyachieved his goal.
"I just did what an NPC deputy should do, but I received more support and trust than I everexpected," he said.
As the two sessions, the annual meetings of the NPC and the National Committee of the Chinese People'sPolitical Consultative Conference, open this week, such proposals have come under the spotlight once again.
Reform of various aspects of national policy, including family planning, re-education through labor, andmedical security, was originally proposed by members of China's largest decision-making bodies.
During the past decade, suggestions and recommendations from deputies have become the driving forcebehind China's political and economic change.
He, principal of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Middle School in Zhongshan, Guangdong province, said turning aproposal into reality isn't an easy or straightforward task.
For the first two years of the campaign, his was a lone voice among the deputies.
His proposal failed to attract the attention of government departments, and he didn't receive areply. At onepoint, he was approached with a suggestion that he should shelve his proposal tosave time for moreworthwhile endeavors.
"Of course, I didn't give up because I knew my proposal was based on facts. I learned about the strugglespeople faced and the real problems caused by the strict family planning policy during the past three decades.Also, the people I had interviewed were waiting for good news," He said. "The situation improved in thefollowing two years when the National Health and Family Planning Commission dispatched staff to meet meand explain its point of view."
He's tireless efforts and perseverance, in tandem with a small number of NPC deputies andmembers of theCPPCC, paid off. In November, the CPC leadership decided to relax the familyplanning policy nationwide. Thereform stated that if one member of a couple is an only child,they will be allowed to have a second child.
"I consider the committee's change of attitude to be a huge step forward. I'll continue to handin familyplanning-related proposals this year, because although the policy has been relaxed, inmy opinion the movesdon't go far enough. I will call for all limits on the size of families to bethe removed to help relieve the risingproblem of labor shortages," He said.
The family planning proposal isn't his only success. Some of his other proposals have alsobeen adopted,such as greater financial input in elementary education.
"I am a deputy from the grassroots, so what I say during the two sessions should represent the people, sotheir voices can be heard. The road to seeing a printed proposal become areality is a bumpy one, but I willcontinue to travel it. It's rewarding to see people's livesimproving and to know that I have played a part in thatimprovement," he said.
Social progress
Xie Chuntao, a professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee, said the motions proposed byNPC deputies and CPPCC members have an obvious effect on the development of social progress andimprovements in people's welfare.
He said deputies and members devote alot of time and energy every year to visiting people to collectsuggestions for proposals and become fully conversant with the problems they face. Once a deputy's roundof visits has been concluded, they conduct research and consult the data to compose practical reports thatwill ensure extensive discussion of hot issues during the two sessions.
When formulated, the proposals are sent to the relevant government departments, which are obliged to replyto the deputies and members within a certain period.
"Proposals from deputies are the best way of lodging an appeal," said Sun Chunlong, founding director of theLongyue Charity Foundation, one of China's leading advocates of improved welfare for Kuomintang veteransof World War II.
Sun said his efforts to incorporate all surviving KMT veterans into China's social welfare network were in vainuntil he found an NPC deputy who was willing to propose the issue at the two sessions. "I tried everything,including sending letters to the government and making appeals via the media, but nothing worked," Sunsaid.
"Then an NPC deputy from Hong Kong read my story on Sina Weibo (China's Twitter-like social networkingsite) and said he wanted to help."
With Sun's help, Wang Mingang, a business tycoon and NPC deputy, drafted a proposal and presented it atthe two sessions in 2013. The proposal was adopted and four months later, the Ministry of Civil Affairsannounced that all surviving KMT veterans of World War II would beincorporated in the social welfarenetwork, something that had been denied them before.
"Deputies have more power and influence than the average person and grassroots organizations," Sun said.His proposal gained widespread attention and at least five other deputies indicated their support by shelvingsimilar motions. "When more deputies participate,the possibility of change increases," he said.
Because the new regulation is still thin on details, including the exact monthly allowance to be paid to eachveteran, Sun will continue to lobby for amendments. "I will fly to Beijing during the two sessions and try to talkto more deputies about the issue," he said.
Last year, 99.8 percent of the 5,403 proposals submitted by CPPCC members garnered replies from therelated government departments, according to a report published at a CPPCC meeting in February. While24.2 percent of the proposals have been adopted, 61.7 percent are awaiting further processing. Whenproposals are not adopted, the departments have to explainthe decision to the deputies involved.
According to the NPC secretariat, the quality of the proposals from the 2,987 NPC deputies ishigh. With itsrelevance to and influence on all the major social aspects of daily life, including people's livelihoods andmeasures to eliminate corruption, the proposal system has bolstered the powers of the NPC.
To ensure that the opinions of different ethnic groups are heard, each of the country's 55 ethnic groups hasat least one representative at the meetings. There are 409 deputies from these groups, accounting for 13.69percent of the total number of delegates, while female deputies account for 23.4 percent and workers andpeasants for 13.42 percent. Male Han Chinese representatives account for the remainder.
Celebrity deputies
"We need to admit that some people question the effect of the deputies and members' involvement in themanagement of the country," said Xie from the Party school. "I think that's because a large number of peopleare unfamiliar with the way the NPC and CPPCC work.Also, some of the media reports on the sessions focusheavily on celebrity deputies andmembers. That results in the voices of grassroots deputies and members notbeing heard."
Moreover, a very small number of deputies and members use the sessions for their own ends, according toXie, who urged greater supervision of the deputies and members to ensure that they have correctlydischarged their duties. He said the number of deputies and members fromthe grassroots should rise.
He, the middle school president, agreed, saying: "Some deputies are only interested in theirown ambitionsand problems, not those of the people. I know a NPC deputy who is the chairman of a business. Instead ofhanding in proposals about hot social issues, he mainlypromotes and talks about his business and itsproducts during the meetings."
Chen Gong, a CPPCC member from Beijing, said she collects more than 200 opinions everyyear as amember of the Beijing Dongcheng district committee of the China National Democratic ConstructionAssociation, a group mainly composed of people from the world ofcommerce.
Chen said all the issues people raise with her, ranging from drain-cover management to foreign policyinitiatives, will be sent to the relevant government departments. In her experience, 30 to 50 percent of themare noted or adopted every year, such as her 2012 proposal about the development of Beijing's cultureindustry, which was adopted and overseen directly by themayor.
Chen said she spends a lot of time talking with those she represents and conducting research before draftingeach proposal.
"I know that my proposals can make a real difference, and so I have to be responsible forthem," she said. "Iam a representative of the people, and speaking on their behalf is what I do."
讓兩會的提案照入現(xiàn)實的過程雖然漫長，但定會收獲豐碩的果實。（何娜、彭奕寧于北京報道）
教育工作者賀優(yōu)琳是一名人大代表。整整四年了，每次的人大會議上，他都大力提議放開計劃生育政策。
雖然他的提案屢次遭拒，但是這份不變的堅持終于促成了國家“單獨二孩”政策的出臺。
他說：“我只不過是做了人大代表應(yīng)做的事。我所得到的巨大的支持和信任，真的是遠遠超出了我的預期�！�
而在今年兩會上，類似的提案又一次成為了公眾矚目的焦點。
人大會議作為最高國家權(quán)力機關(guān)，掌握著國家重大問題決定權(quán)。很多涉及到包括計劃生育、勞動教養(yǎng)及醫(yī)療安全在內(nèi)的國家政策方面的改革，最初都是由人大代表們提出的。
在過去的十年里，來自人大代表們的提議和建議已經(jīng)成為一股重要力量，推動著中國政治和經(jīng)濟的變革與發(fā)展。
賀優(yōu)琳現(xiàn)任廣東省中山市孫中山紀念中學校長，他說：“讓一項提案成為現(xiàn)實，絕不是一件能一蹴而就的易事�！�
在賀優(yōu)琳宣傳放開計劃生育政策的頭兩年，幾乎沒有得到任何其他人大代表的支持。那時，他的聲音是孤獨的。
當時，他的提案總是得不到政府部門的重視與回應(yīng)。甚至一度還有人建議他暫時擱置計劃，騰出時間來做其他更有意義的提案。
“我當然沒放棄，因為我知道我的提案是有理有據(jù)的。我很了解在過去三十年中，嚴格的計劃生育政策給人們的生活帶來的困難和問題。還有那些之前我做調(diào)查時采訪過的人，他們一直都等著我的好消息呢�！辟R優(yōu)琳說，“不過我努力的后兩年情況改善了不少，因為國家衛(wèi)生計生委開始派人同我見面，并且向我解釋他們對此事的看法�！�
在賀優(yōu)琳的帶動下，一小部分大代表和政協(xié)委員也開始支持他的提案，終于，他們不倦的努力與堅持有了回報。去年11月，國家決定在全國范圍內(nèi)放開計劃生育政策，實行“單獨二孩”政策，這意味著，只要夫妻雙方一人為獨生子女，即可生二胎。
“我覺得衛(wèi)生計生委對我的提案的態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變是一步巨大的飛躍。今年的兩會，我將會繼續(xù)遞交有關(guān)進一步放開計劃生育政策的提案書，因為在我看來，雖然目前的政策已經(jīng)有了松動，但放開力度還并不夠。我會進一步說明，在當今勞動力短缺問題日益嚴重的情況下，因計劃生育所減少的這部分人口將從哪些方面限制社會發(fā)展。”
然而，計劃生育政策的放開并不是賀優(yōu)琳的唯一值得驕傲的成果，他的其他一些提案也被采納，比如，要求國家向小學教育注入更多資金。
他說：“我是一名來自普通大眾的人大代表，所以我在兩會上的發(fā)言，一定要代表老百姓的心聲，這樣，政府才能聽見他們的訴求。把一紙?zhí)岚缸兂蓪崒嵲谠诘默F(xiàn)實將是一段崎嶇的旅程，但我會繼續(xù)前行�？吹饺藗兊纳罡纳屏�，知道自己曾經(jīng)為這改善做出了貢獻，一切就都是值得的�！�
代表們的努力推動社會進步
中共中央黨校教授謝春濤認為，人大代表和政協(xié)委員提出的議案，對于促進社會進步、增進人民福祉有顯著作用。
謝春濤說，人大代表和政協(xié)委員每年會投入很多的時間和精力與群眾接觸、交談，為提案收集意見和建議，因此他們往往對很多社會問題了解深刻。在與群眾交流之后，他們會通過調(diào)查研究、數(shù)據(jù)采集，撰寫實踐性很強的提案，用于兩會期間深入地討論這些社會熱點問題。”
提案撰寫完成后需要遞送至相關(guān)的政府部門，他們將會在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)對人大代表或者政協(xié)委員的提案給出回復。
“人大代表的提案是提出上訴的最好的辦法�！饼堅酱壬苹饡硎麻L孫春龍說。他是在中國為國民黨抗戰(zhàn)老兵謀求社會保障和福利的領(lǐng)頭人。
孫春龍說，他旨在將中國所有健在的國民黨抗戰(zhàn)老兵納入社會保障的努力之前一直沒有任何結(jié)果。他說：“我試了很多種方法，包括給政府寫信，或者通過媒體上訴，不過這些方法都沒有成功�！辈贿^后來，在找到一位支持他的人大代表后，情況有了改變。這名代表愿意在兩會上幫他提出這個議案。
“后來，一位來自香港的人大代表在新浪微博看到了我的事，說他愿意幫我。”孫春龍說。
在孫春龍的協(xié)助下，香港的巨商王明剛以人大代表的身份，起草了一份議案，并于2013年的兩會遞交。議案通過了！四個月后，民政部宣布，將原國民黨抗戰(zhàn)老兵納入社會保障范圍，雖然放在從前，這是老兵們所享受不到的權(quán)利。
孫春龍說：“相比普通老百姓或者是基層組織，人大代表有更大的權(quán)力和影響力�！庇辛巳舜蟠淼膸椭�，他的提案獲得了廣泛的關(guān)注，至少又有五名代表向他表示，他們愿意暫時擱置其他類似的提案全力支持他的這個。對此，他說：“參與的人大代表越多，改革的可能性就越大。”
由于目前的政策尚且粗糙，很多細節(jié)問題沒有來得及處理，這就包括，給每名老兵的月津貼數(shù)額等等。宋春龍表示，他將繼續(xù)努力，爭取實現(xiàn)政策的完善。他說：“今年兩會時，我會飛到北京去試著跟更多的人大代表談?wù)勥@個問題�！�
今年二月，一次政協(xié)會議發(fā)布報告顯示：去年，在政協(xié)委員提交的共5403份議案中，99.8%的議案獲得了有關(guān)政府部門的回復；這當中，又有24.2%的議案獲得了通過，61.7%的議案等待進一步的處理。一旦議案未獲通過，政府部門需要向該委員解釋原因。
全國人大常委會委員長表示，人大代表提供的2971份議案的質(zhì)量都很高，對社會生活的方方面面都有涉及或影響。從改善人名生活水平到消除腐敗現(xiàn)象，這些議案十分有利地加強了人大的力量和作用。
為確保來自少數(shù)民族的意見也能夠順利傳達，全國55個少數(shù)民族，每民族至少有一人作為人大代表出席會議。今年的兩會，少數(shù)民族有409個，占到了總代表數(shù)的13.69%；女性代表占到了總數(shù)的23.4%；來自一線的工人、農(nóng)民占到總數(shù)的13.42%。
“明星”代表與“草根”代表
“我們要承認，的確有一些人質(zhì)疑人大代表和政協(xié)委員在國家管理當中的參與度和他們所發(fā)揮的作用。”中共中央黨校教授謝春濤說，“我認為這會因為有相當一部分人不熟悉人大和政協(xié)的工作方式。而且，一些關(guān)于兩會的媒體報道把“明星”人大代表和政協(xié)委員當成了焦點，因而無法展示來自基層的代表和委員訴求的傳遞�！�
另外，謝春濤說，不排除有少數(shù)人大代表和政協(xié)委員在利用兩會為自己謀求利益，因此，這就意味著代表和委員們也需要接受監(jiān)督，確保他們正確履行職責。他還表示，來自應(yīng)當提高來自基層的代表和委員的數(shù)量。
人大代表、中學校長賀優(yōu)琳表示同意，他說：“一些代表關(guān)心的只是他們自己的利益訴求，不是人民群眾的。我知道一個人大代表，他是一家公司的總裁。他的議案不是關(guān)于社會熱點，反而在會議上為他的企業(yè)和產(chǎn)品做宣傳�！�
陳工是來自北京的一名政協(xié)委員，她說，作為中國民主建工會（主要構(gòu)成人員來自商業(yè)界）北京市東城區(qū)的一員，自己每年都會收集200多條群眾意見和建議。
陳工說，人們向她提出的所有問題，不管是地下井蓋的管理，還是對于外交政策的提議，她都會提交給相關(guān)的政府部門。以她的經(jīng)驗，每年有30%-50%的建議會被認可或采納。2012年，她遞交的關(guān)于北京文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的提案就被政府接受了，并由市長親自監(jiān)管實施。
陳工說，她花了很時間同她所能代表的人們交談，而且，在遞交每份提案之前，都做了研究調(diào)查。
“我知道，我的這些提案對于改變社會問題有很大的作用，所以我一定要對它們負責�！彼f，“我是人民的代表，替人民說話是我的職責�！�
石家莊翻譯公司 pmcwfrk.cn/shijiazhuang/
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