外貿(mào)英譯漢合同翻譯

合同文件的翻譯直接關(guān)系到合同雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，因此譯文必須精確、無誤，這就需要充分理解原文的內(nèi)在含義，譯入語句構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)無懈、無漏，遣詞準(zhǔn)確、鮮明、專業(yè)詞匯嫻熟，使譯文具有專業(yè)化、法律化的水準(zhǔn)。
1合同翻譯原則
1.1準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)
合同文件的翻譯不同于文藝作品的翻譯，一般不講求文采、韻味、修辭等。它要求的是把“準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)”置于首位，有的為了避免產(chǎn)生歧義，有些詞語的翻譯必須保持同一譯法，特別是合同中的專業(yè)術(shù)語和關(guān)鍵詞語都有著嚴(yán)格的法律涵義，翻譯時(shí)絕對(duì)不可信手拈來。在翻譯專業(yè)術(shù)語和關(guān)鍵詞語時(shí)，一定要透徹地理解原文的精神實(shí)質(zhì)，對(duì)原文的內(nèi)容既不歪曲，也不隨意增減，要準(zhǔn)確完整地表達(dá)合同文件的精神實(shí)質(zhì)。如“獨(dú)占區(qū)域”，應(yīng)譯成exclusive territory，表示許可方不得再把同樣內(nèi)容的技術(shù)許可協(xié)議授予該地區(qū)內(nèi)的任何第三方，就連許可人本身也不得在該地域使用該技術(shù)；但是，exclusive contract則譯為“專銷合同”，表示An agreement between manufacturer and retailer that prohibits the retailer from carrying the product lines of firms to firms that are the rivals of the manufacturer．再如，net income可譯成“凈收入”；而net profit則譯成“純利潤”。
1.2規(guī)范通順
所謂規(guī)范通順，就是要把理解了的東西，用規(guī)范通順的、合乎合同語言要求的文字表達(dá)出來，因?yàn)楹贤⑽膶儆谇f嚴(yán)性的文體，不能允許文字上的隨意性。這就要求合同詞語運(yùn)用規(guī)范，符合約定俗成的含義。
例23 By irrevocable Letterof Credit available by Sellers documentary bill at sight to be valid for negotiation in China until 15 days after date of shipment，the Letter of Credit must reach the Sellers 30 days before the contracted month of shipment．
原譯文：以不可取消的信用證，憑賣方即期付有單據(jù)的票據(jù)協(xié)商．有效期應(yīng)為裝運(yùn)期15天后在中國到期，該信用證必須于合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)月份前3O天到達(dá)賣方。
原譯文有四處翻譯不妥：第一．irrevevocable Letter of Credit不能譯成“不可取消的信用證”，其行話應(yīng)該是“不可撤消的信用證”。第二，documentary bill at sight譯為“即期付有單據(jù)的票據(jù)”，概念不清，因?yàn)槠睋?jù)的涵義是廣義的，它包括匯票、本票和支票。在涉外合同支付中的票據(jù)主要指“匯票”。因此，此短語應(yīng)譯成“跟單匯票”。第三，negotiation不能譯成“協(xié)商”．其行話應(yīng)該是“議付”。第四，until 15 days after date of shipment。應(yīng)該是“裝運(yùn)期后的l5天”。
經(jīng)審校改譯為：以不可撤消的信用證，憑賣方即期跟單匯票議付，有效期應(yīng)為裝運(yùn)期后l5天在中國到期。該信用證必須于合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)月份前3O天到達(dá)賣方。

例24 Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract，the Contractor shall be entitled t withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor．
錯(cuò)誤譯文：
承包商依據(jù)適當(dāng)?shù)姆苫蚍职贤趯?duì)擁有的任何權(quán)力不帶成見的條件下，應(yīng)該有權(quán)扣留或暫緩支付在不同情況下應(yīng)由承包商支付給分包商的任何全部或部分金額。
正確譯文：
在不影響使用法律或分包合同享有任何權(quán)利的情況下，承包商有權(quán)扣留或暫緩支付承包商應(yīng)付給分包商的全部或部分到期金額。
“prejudice”具有“成見、偏見、歧視、損害”之意，而without prejudice to則有“不使（合法權(quán)利等）受損害之意，這一短語在合同中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。如：
①Without prejudice to the generality of Article 4.1,
在不違背第4.1條一般原則的情況下．．．．．．
②Without prejudice to the Contractors entitlement to interest under Sub-Clause 60.10.
在不影響承包商按第60.10 款享有利息的權(quán)利．．．．．．；
③without prejudice to the Contractor's right to suspend /terminate this Agreement,
在不影響承包商暫停/終止本協(xié)議的權(quán)利的情況下．．．．．．。
合同譯文的語言不僅要符合法律語言的要求與規(guī)律，還應(yīng)體現(xiàn)在通順上。翻譯時(shí)要注意譯文語言的詞句結(jié)構(gòu)，不拘泥于原文語言的詞句結(jié)構(gòu)和句法框框的限制。通順的合同譯文應(yīng)著重體現(xiàn)在“條理清晰”。合同譯文有其獨(dú)特的表現(xiàn)方式，有時(shí)兩種文字有很大的出入，所以在不影響原文的條件下，應(yīng)盡量使譯文明確清晰，體現(xiàn)法律性文獻(xiàn)的語言特點(diǎn)，切不可只是逐字逐句地照搬原文。

3 合同翻譯方法
3.1 合同常用詞翻譯
①shall 的翻譯
Shall的用法分為兩類，一類用作助動(dòng)詞表示一般將來時(shí)：一類用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示各種語氣，如“承諾”、“目的”、“建議”、“要求”、“習(xí)慣”等。shall是國際商務(wù)合同中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的詞匯之一，是一個(gè)極為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?a href='http://pmcwfrk.cn/1238/' target='_blank'>法律文件專用詞，主要表示應(yīng)當(dāng)履行的義務(wù)和應(yīng)承擔(dān)的法律責(zé)任，在使用時(shí)不受主語的人稱影響。Shall在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)合同條款的具體內(nèi)容采用靈活的、動(dòng)態(tài)的譯法，一般可譯為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“必須”，也可處理為“將”或不譯出來。
例25 The Seller shall bear all expenses，risks of the Commodity be fore it passes over the vessel’s rail and is released from the tackle．After it has passed over the vessel’s rail and has been released from the tackle，all expenses，risks of Commodity shall be for the Buyer’s account．
譯文：
貨物越過船舷和脫鉤前的全部費(fèi)用、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)；貨物越過船舷和脫鉤以后的全部費(fèi)用、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。
該條款的交貨條件為FOB價(jià)格術(shù)語，表達(dá)完全符合INCOTERMS 2000(國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2000年版)的解釋。因此，句中的兩個(gè)shall均應(yīng)處理為“應(yīng)該”，表示雙方各自承擔(dān)自己的責(zé)任或義務(wù)。
例26 In case the accident lasts for more than ten weeks，the Buyer shall have the right to cancel Contract．
譯文：若事故超過十周，則買方有權(quán)取消合同。
此句摘自國際商務(wù)合同中不可抗力條款，說明發(fā)生不可抗力事件所引發(fā)的后果有兩種：一種是解除合同，另一種是延期履行合同。本款選擇了前者，是一種合同賦予買方的權(quán)利，因此在翻譯時(shí)，可不譯出來。
例27 The termination of this Contract shall not affect in any way the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the two parties upon the expiry of the validity．
譯文：本合同期滿時(shí)，雙方發(fā)生的未了債權(quán)和債務(wù)將不受合同期滿的影響。
該條屬國際商務(wù)合同中的“清算和清理?xiàng)l款”，實(shí)質(zhì)上表示一種條件，即合同約定的結(jié)算和清理事宜不因合同的解除或終止而失去效力。因此，該句中的shall可譯成“將”。
②古英語詞匯的翻譯
古英語中的一些舊體詞語在現(xiàn)代英語中已很少使用，但在合同等法律文件中卻大量沿用。這些舊體詞語通常由here，there，where作前綴加上介詞構(gòu)成。其作用在于承上啟下，避免重復(fù)。使用這類詞反映出合同英語句子簡練嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、行文正式權(quán)威的文體特征。為避免混淆這類詞，要注意掌握以下規(guī)則：here代表this如hereby by this means，herein=in this， hereof= of this， hereinafter= later in this Contract；there代表that。如therein=in that，thereof=of that；where代表which，一般與介詞連用，引導(dǎo)定語從句。如whereof=of which。
以上是這類詞構(gòu)成的基本規(guī)則和含義，但在具體譯文處理上，應(yīng)依據(jù)上下文靈活處理，用貼切的漢語再現(xiàn)法律語言的語體風(fēng)格。必要時(shí)可運(yùn)用動(dòng)態(tài)等值原理酌情使用文言詞和連詞，以示莊重?，F(xiàn)舉例說明：
例28 The undersigned hereby certify that the goods to be supplied are made in USA．
譯文：下列簽署人茲保證所供應(yīng)之貨系美國制造。
句中hereby譯成“茲”符合法律文書的文體要求。文言詞“之”、“系”的使用突出了譯文的莊重嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
例29 The titles to the Articles are for convenience of reference only，not part of this Contract and shall not in any way affect the interpretation thereof．
譯文：各條款中使用的標(biāo)題僅為了查閱方便，并非本合同的構(gòu)成部分，決不影響本合同內(nèi)容的解釋。
句中thereof：of that，依據(jù)上下文理解，具體表示of the said Contract，應(yīng)譯為“本合同的”。
例30 In faith whereof the undersigned，being duly authorized thereto，have signed this Protoco1．
譯文：下列簽署人經(jīng)正式授權(quán)在本議定書上簽字，以昭信守。
句中whereof直譯為“關(guān)于那個(gè)”，實(shí)際指“上述內(nèi)容”：In faith where of譯成“以昭信守”是約定俗成的譯法。完全符合合同語言的特點(diǎn)。
③同義詞重復(fù)翻譯
將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同義詞或近義詞用and連接起來使用是合同英語的又一大語言特點(diǎn)。翻譯這類詞組時(shí)，漢語勿需重復(fù)同義詞或近義詞。
例31 If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms，provisions， conditions and stipulations of the said Contract，this obligation shall be null and void．
譯文：如果承包人切實(shí)履行并遵守上述合同的所有條款，本保證書所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)即告無效。
句中連用兩組同義詞以強(qiáng)調(diào)法律條款的嚴(yán)密性。其中terms。provisions，conditions，stipulations同義為“條款”；null和void同義為“無效”。
3.2合同句子翻譯
3.2.1被動(dòng)句翻譯
合同英語中，凡是在不必說出合同涉及的當(dāng)事人的場合，或?yàn)榱送怀龊蛷?qiáng)調(diào)行為動(dòng)作的承受者以及便于行文上的連貫等原因，往往使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。漢譯英時(shí)大多采用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示。但在具體翻譯的處理上，譯者應(yīng)根據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)等值理論采用多樣的翻譯手法，切勿過于遷就原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞序排列，必要時(shí)，應(yīng)對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整，力求達(dá)到譯文組句的規(guī)范性。
3.2.1.1被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯
在進(jìn)行國際商務(wù)合同英漢翻譯時(shí)，為使譯文成為規(guī)范的漢語，一般應(yīng)對(duì)原句中某一成分進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。
①把動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者轉(zhuǎn)換為主語。
此類被動(dòng)句中'by或between引導(dǎo)的短語在句中作狀語，名詞是本句涉及的當(dāng)事人，為突出動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，可將其轉(zhuǎn)換為主語。
例32 Payments shall be made in the U．S．Currency by the Buyer to the seller．
譯文：買方應(yīng)以美元支付賣方貨款。
②把狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語，前提是該狀語與主語存在包容關(guān)系。
例33 The cost of the nonreturnable containers of the goods sold under this Contract is included in the prices herein specified．
譯文：所定價(jià)格包括依照本合同所售裝貨用的一次容器費(fèi)。
③把主語轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語，使譯文成為無主語句。
例34 If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be employed to undertake annual examination，Party A shall give its consents．
譯文：如需聘請(qǐng)其它國家的審計(jì)師對(duì)年度財(cái)務(wù)進(jìn)行審查，甲方應(yīng)予以同意。
3.2.1.2被動(dòng)語態(tài)的順序翻譯
在翻譯國際商務(wù)合同時(shí)，為使譯文符合合同文件的漢語表達(dá)方式，有時(shí)可將原文中的某些被動(dòng)語態(tài)按原句中的語序順譯。
①譯成漢語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)且不添加任何詞。
例35 The seller shall be entitled to terminate this Contract in the event of failure by the Buyer to comply with any terms or conditions stated in this Article．
譯文：如果買方違反本條所規(guī)定的條件，賣方有權(quán)終止本合同。
②譯成漢語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，并添加一定詞匯，如“由”，“經(jīng)”等。
例36 All taxes，customs duties and other excises arising in connection with the performance of Contact outside the territory of Party A’S Country shall be borne by the Party B．
譯文：因履行本合同而在甲方國家以外發(fā)生的一切稅費(fèi)，均由乙方負(fù)擔(dān)。
③“It is+過去分詞+that從句”是合同英語中常見的特殊被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)已形成固定的譯法,如:It is mutually agreed that譯成“雙方同意”，It is strictly understood that譯成“嚴(yán)格明確”，It is essentially stressed that譯成“必須強(qiáng)調(diào)”。
3.2.2合同長句翻譯
合同的作用在于明確陳述和規(guī)定不同當(dāng)事人在有關(guān)活動(dòng)中的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，因此從句式的使用上來看，合同一般采用完整的長句，以便準(zhǔn)確界定權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系，排除被曲解或誤解。
合同長句翻譯一般分為以下兩種情況。

3.2.2.1簡單長句翻譯
簡單長句只含有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，再加上各種成分的修飾語，如定語、狀語等附加成分。從語用的角度來看，這些定語對(duì)名詞性術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵和外延進(jìn)行了精確的界定，而狀語界定了履行權(quán)利和義務(wù)的條件、方式、地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間等。
例37 The Buyers may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the sellers for short weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.
這是一個(gè)簡單長句，其主干為The Buyers may…lodge a claim…。修飾謂語動(dòng)詞的狀語有三個(gè)，分別表示時(shí)間(within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)）、方式（being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor）和目的（for short weight），而且狀語中還有狀語，作定語的分詞issued還有自己的狀語by a reputable public surveyor。眾多狀語，盡管在英語中的位置十分靈活，然而按照漢語的行文規(guī)范，方式狀語一般應(yīng)位于動(dòng)詞之前；而有些狀語在譯文中可以靈活處理，例如本句中的時(shí)間狀語，可以提前至句首。因此，上句可譯為：
貨物抵達(dá)目的港口后15日內(nèi)，買方可以憑有信譽(yù)的公共鑒定員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣方提出短重索賠。

例38 Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable l/C for the full amount of USD30.000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at import port.
此句的主干為…the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price…to the Seller,其中含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。從語用的角度來看，商務(wù)合同中許多表示時(shí)間的狀語所表示的是某一締約方必須在何時(shí)何地承擔(dān)某一義務(wù)和享有某一種權(quán)利，即時(shí)效性。因此整個(gè)句子的重心不是句子的動(dòng)作，而是發(fā)生動(dòng)作的時(shí)間。在譯成中文時(shí)，為了突出行為的實(shí)效性,時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)盡量靠近表示義務(wù)責(zé)任的關(guān)鍵詞“須”。此句中還含有一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的方式狀語by opening an irrevocable L/C…，其中含有三個(gè)介詞短語做定語修飾an irrevocable L/C。按照漢語的行文規(guī)范，方式狀語一般應(yīng)位于動(dòng)詞之前。此外，若動(dòng)詞同時(shí)帶有時(shí)間狀語和方式狀語時(shí)，英文的通常順序是方式在前，時(shí)間在后，而漢語卻正好與之相反，為方式在后，時(shí)間在前。譯成中文時(shí)應(yīng)經(jīng)過一些調(diào)整，以符合中文的行文規(guī)范。
因此本句可譯為：
買方須于本合同簽字并生效后三十天內(nèi)通過進(jìn)口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤消的信用證支付全部貨款30000美元。

例39 The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.
此句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，但包含一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的方式狀語。從語用特征的角度來看，方式狀語通常都是規(guī)定性的，其作用是規(guī)定合約方履行某項(xiàng)義務(wù)必須的方式或手段，在合同的語言環(huán)境下，即使有關(guān)締約方履行了合同規(guī)定的義務(wù)，但若其履行義務(wù)的方式與合同規(guī)定的方式不符，仍構(gòu)成違約。因此，方式狀語的作用通常都是比較重要的。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮方式狀語的語用特征并注意對(duì)其進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。
因此，本句可譯為：
設(shè)備和原料須根據(jù)其形狀和特點(diǎn)以完善而牢固的方式精心妥當(dāng)?shù)陌b。包裝須適合于長途海陸運(yùn)輸，能經(jīng)受多次裝卸。

3.2.2.2復(fù)雜長句翻譯
為了保持合同的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，英文商務(wù)合同中還經(jīng)常使用含有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合長句，以致句子結(jié)構(gòu)長，語法關(guān)系復(fù)雜，但脈絡(luò)清晰，表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，邏輯嚴(yán)密。在翻譯這種類型的長句時(shí)，必須弄清原句結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，分清主次，翻譯時(shí)以主句為主導(dǎo)，從句作說明，用規(guī)范的中文準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)出原文的意義。
①定語從句的翻譯
定語從句是英文的一大特色，英文合同也大量使用定語從句，對(duì)于定語從句的翻譯要么采用前置法，譯成中文“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，要么采用后置法，譯成中文的獨(dú)立句。
例40 One side which meets force majeure should notify the other side by fax or e-mail as soon as possible and give the other side the official certification by international express mail within two weeks.
譯文：受不可抗力阻礙的一方應(yīng)在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，用傳真、電子郵件將不可抗力的發(fā)生通知另一方，并在此后的兩周內(nèi)，用國際特快郵件將當(dāng)?shù)卣C明上述不可抗力事件的文件寄給另一方。

例41 The Buyer agrees to buy from the Seller and the seller agrees to sell to the Buyer equipment, materials design and technical documentations, license and know-how and technical services for a plant with a 54,000kw phosphorus electric furnace which has a production capability of 30,000(thirty thousand) metric tons of yellow phosphorus per year and 70,000(seventy thousand) metric tons of sodium tripolyphosphate per year with phosphate rock as material using the process stipulated in article 10.1 to the contract.
譯文：買方同意向賣方購買，賣方同意向買方出售以磷酸巖為原料，采用本合同10.1款所規(guī)定之工藝，年生產(chǎn)能力為黃磷30 000（三萬）公噸和三聚磷酸納70 000（七萬）公噸的，擁有54 000千瓦黃磷電爐一座的工廠所需的設(shè)備、材料設(shè)計(jì)，以及技術(shù)、專利使用權(quán)、專利技術(shù)和技術(shù)服務(wù)。
上述兩例定語從句被譯為漢語中的“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)作定語成分。
The duration of patent right for utility models or exterior designs shall be five years, which shall be effective from the date of filling an application.
譯文：使用新型和外觀設(shè)計(jì)專利權(quán)的期限為五年，自申請(qǐng)日起計(jì)算。

例42 If any event of the Force Majeure occurs which causes damage to the Project or the infrastructure project, then C or New Company shall not be obliged to reinstate the same, or, as the case may be, complete the same, until the parties hereto have agreed upon the terms for such reinstatement or completion.
譯文：如不可抗力的發(fā)生損壞了工程或基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，C或新公司沒有義務(wù)重新恢復(fù)之，或完成其修建，但雙方就這種恢復(fù)或完成的條件達(dá)成一致意見則例外。
上述兩例定語從句譯譯成中文獨(dú)立的小短句。

例43 The Seller must deliver goods which are free from any right of claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property.
譯文：賣方所交之貨物，必須是任何第三方均不能根據(jù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)享有任何權(quán)利或提出任何要求的貨物。
本例中，譯者將原文中的主句 “The Seller must deliver goods” 譯為漢語的名詞短語充當(dāng)譯文的主語，原文的定語從句則被譯為漢語中的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，因此，原文中的主句與從句之間的關(guān)系變成了譯文中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。

例44 International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.
譯文：國際商務(wù)作為管理訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)分支出現(xiàn)，是由于跨國界的商業(yè)交易日益增長的范圍和復(fù)雜性產(chǎn)生了新的、特殊的管理問題和政府問題。這些問題沒有在傳統(tǒng)的商業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域里受到足夠的注意。
本句中的關(guān)系代詞that前的先行詞為 problems。對(duì)于關(guān)系代詞的這種前指，我們可以使用兩種方法：一是使用名詞將關(guān)系代詞所指代的名詞重復(fù)一遍；二是使用諸如他、他們、她、它、它們之類的代詞來指代。在指代明確、可用方法二。若否，用重復(fù)方法來處理。
②狀語從句的翻譯
國際商務(wù)英語合同狀語從句多為條件狀語從句、時(shí)間狀語從句等。翻譯過程中對(duì)這些狀語從句的處理有兩種處理方式：一是將狀語置于漢語的謂語動(dòng)詞前充當(dāng)漢語句子中的狀語；二是將狀語置于漢語句子中主句的前面充當(dāng)狀語。英語中由介詞短語引導(dǎo)的或是由狀語從句引導(dǎo)的較長的狀語幾乎從來不直接置于限定謂語動(dòng)詞的前面，但可以置于句首、句中、句末。

例46 Notwithstanding any reference to arbitration, both Parties shall continue to perform their respective obligations under the Contract unless otherwise agreed.
譯文：除非另有規(guī)定，仲裁不得影響合同雙方繼續(xù)履行合同所規(guī)定的義務(wù)。
漢語中的條件，一般都放在句首，而英語卻句首、句中、句末都行。
但是，現(xiàn)在漢語也有將其順譯，置于句末的。這是因?yàn)榇蠹乙姸嗔?，逐漸接受了這種譯法。

例47 On the Transfer Date New Company shall transfer to B ,free from any lien or encumbrance created by New Company and without the payment of any compensation ,all its right , title to and interest in the infrastructure project, unless otherwise specified in the Agreement or any supplementary agreement.
譯文：在轉(zhuǎn)讓期，新公司應(yīng)將對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給B，新公司不應(yīng)滯留，也不能要求補(bǔ)償，除非協(xié)議或補(bǔ)充協(xié)議中另有規(guī)定。

例48 Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at import port.
譯文：買方須于本合同簽字并生效后三十天內(nèi)通過進(jìn)口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷的信用證支付全部貨款30000美元。
此句的主干為 “the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller”，其中含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語 “Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract.”從語用的角度來看，商務(wù)合同中許多表示時(shí)間的狀語所表示的是某一締約方必須在何時(shí)何地承擔(dān)某一義務(wù)和享有某一種權(quán)利，即時(shí)效性。所以時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)盡量靠近表示義務(wù)責(zé)任的關(guān)鍵詞“須” 。
另外，此句中還有一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的方式狀語 “by opening an irrevocable L/C”和三個(gè)介詞短語 “for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at import port”做定語修飾 “an irrevocable L/C.”按照漢語的行文規(guī)范，方式狀語一般應(yīng)位于動(dòng)詞之前。若同時(shí)有時(shí)間狀語和方式狀語時(shí)，英文的通常順序是方式在前，時(shí)間在后，而漢語恰恰相反。
例49 A party may suspend the performance of his obligation if, after the conclusion of the contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not perform a substantial part of his obligations as a result of :(a) a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his creditworthiness; or (b) his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract.
譯文：如果訂立合同后另一方當(dāng)事人由于下列原因顯然將不履行其大部分重要義務(wù)，一方當(dāng)事人可以中止履行義務(wù)：（a）他履行義務(wù)的能力或他的信用有嚴(yán)重缺陷 ；（b）他在準(zhǔn)備履行合同或正在履行合同中的行為。
時(shí)間狀語從句的翻譯一般較容易，順譯就可以了。

例50 After arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau (hereinafter referred to as CCIB) for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods.
譯文：貨到目的港后，買方將申請(qǐng)中國檢驗(yàn)局（以下簡稱商檢局）對(duì)貨物的規(guī)格和數(shù)量/重量進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。

1、Try to translate the following sentences related with contracts into Chinese.
⑴This contract is made in a spirit of friendly cooperation by and between Party A and Party B, whereby Party A shall invite Party B for service as a foreign staff on the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:
⑵The parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective representatives on the date above written.
⑶The deposit paid by the Buyers shall not be refunded if the Buyers fail to make full payment within the time herein specified.
⑷Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but not limiting the generality of the foregoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earthquakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labour, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.
⑸Within sixty days after Party A has received the documents from Party B, if Party A does not declare in writing any shortage and request to cover the same, it is considered as accepted.
⑹If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall remain in full force and effect.
⑺The headings and marginal notes in these terms and conditions shall not be deemed part hereof or taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.
⑻In consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereto agree as follows:
2、Try to translate the following contract into Chinese.
CONTRACT
Trademark: Party A at present has the property of the use of the trademark, the design, and other marks, without the written agreement specially by Party A, party B does not directly or indirectly, completely either partially use or register. Even if according to some way, the party B with the written agreement specially by party A , this kind of use should immediately stop and the cancellation. when this agreement expires or the termination. About above right, if has any dispute or sues for damages, party A is authorized to unilaterally cancels this agreement and not to undertake immediately from this any responsibility which produces.
Guaranteed: according to this agreement, The manufacturer guarantees, all "the products" would be given free repaired or exchanged by manufacturer approval after the confirmation when selling the quality to be inferior. But this free repairs or exchanges the guarantee is limited on not being changed after selling or useing incorrectly. Besides the above guarantee, both sides agreed does not provide any other guarantees.
Termination: both sides of the Agreement should earnestly responsibly carry out each provision. Under the following condition, each side should inform by the written notification to another side terminate this agreement immediately or cancel some part:
(1) provided that if either party has not been able to fulfill this agreement any duty, therefore this item breaks a contract after receives the notice which another only then written request corrects _ _ in the _ _ day not to be able to perform to correct; Or
(2) provided that if either party automatic or is compelled to apply to declare bankruptcy, is automatic or is compelled to apply for the reorganization, the cleaning up, dismisses, Or has assigned the industrial supervisor to this side; Or
(3) provided that occurs violates the situation which this agreement 8th related trademark use or registers;
Transfer  Either party is not be able to transfer any rights and obligations of this agreement to the third party. Without giving written undertaking to the other side. Any transfer, without any written agreement of otherwise is invalid.
Accidental force: The accidental force results in any direct or indirect delay and null performance of the full or part items in this agreement to either side, the other side have no right request for any claims. The accidents include: flood, fire, wind disaster , earthquake, tsunami, lightning strike, epidemic, war, quarantine, embargo, impounding, war menace, imposition, disturbance, electric power control, import or export forbidden, as well as the similar reasons out of control by parties and any other special reasons under the both side approval. The related side should notice the other side by written form within__________ days after the accidents and provide the documentary proofs by local related institution and testify the accidents.
Valid date: The agreement will be valid since both sides put the signatures on it.
Outstanding articles: Should the outstanding articles be complemented or amended in this agreement, the articles should be put forward by written form and become valid after both authorized representatives subscribe this agreement.