Chaper3 Chassis

　　3.1clutch

　　The engine produces the power to drive the vehicle . The drive line or drive train transfer the power of the engine to the wheels . The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels . These parts include the clutch , the transmission ,the drive shaft ,and the final drive assembly .

　　The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc , pressure plate , springs , pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission . It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts . That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism . After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all engine torque to transmission depending on the friction without slippage . The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from gear ratio to another .

　　To start the engine or shift the gears , the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine . At that time , the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower of faster than the driving members connected to engine crankshaft . There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts . So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members . As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal , spring pressure increase on the clutch parts . Friction between the parts also increases . The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage . The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible the friction between the surfaces of the members . When full spring pressure is applied , the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same . At the moment , the clutch must act as a coupling device and transmit all engine power to the transmission , without slipping .

　　However , the transmission should be engaged to the engine gradually in order to operate the car smoothly and minimize torsional shock on the drive train because an engine at idle just develop little power . Otherwise , the driving members are connected with the driven members too quickly and the engine would be stalled .

　　The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine’s crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .

　　The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .

　　The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves . Thus , the two parts held together . However , back – and – forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .

　　The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .

　　In a coil spring clutch the pressure plate is backed by a number of coil springs and housed with them in a pressed – steed cover bolted to the flywheel . The spring push against the cover . Neither the driven plate nor the pressure plate is connected rigidly to the flywheel and both can move either towards it o away . When the clutch pedal is depressed a thrust pad riding on a carbon or ball thrust bearing is forced towards the flywheel . Levers pivoted so that they engage with the thrust pad at one end and the pressure plate tat the other end pull the pressure plate back against its springs . This releases pressure on the driven plate disconnecting the gearbox from the engine .

　　Diaphragm spring pressure plate assemblies are widely used in most modern cars . The diaphragm spring is a single thin sheet of metal which yields when pressure is applied to it . When pressure is removed the metal spring back to its original shape . The center portion of the diaphragm spring is slit into numerous fingers that act as release levers . When the clutch assembly rotates with the engine these weights are flung outwards by centrifugal plate and cause the levers to press against the pressure plate . During disengagement of the clutch the fingers are moved forward by the release bearing . The spring pivots over the fulcrum ring and its outer rim moves away from the flywheel . The retracting spring pulls the pressure plate away from the clutch plate thus disengaging the clutch .

　　When engaged the release bearing and the fingers of the diaphragm spring move towards the transmission . As the diaphragm pivots over the pivot ring its outer rim forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc so that the clutch plate is engaged to flywheel .

　　The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness , lower weight , fewer moving parts , less effort to engage , reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage .

　　The clutch pedal is connected to the disengagement mechanism either by a cable or , more commonly , by a hydraulic system . Either way , pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and causes the diaphragm to release the clutch plate . With a hydraulic mechanism , the clutch pedal arm operates a piston in the clutch master cylinder . This forces hydraulic fluid through a pipe to the cutch release cylinder where another operates the clutch disengagement mechanism by a cable .

　　The other parts including the clutch fork , release bearing , bell – housing , bell housing cover , and pilot bushing are needed to couple and uncouple the transmission . The clutch fork , which connects to the linkage , actually operates the clutch . The release bearing fits between the clutch fork and the pressure plate assembly . The bell housing covers the clutch assembly . The bell housing cover fastens to the bottom of the bell housing . This removable cover allows a mechanic to inspect the clutch without removing the transmission and bell housing . A pilot bushing fits into the back of the crankshaft and holds the transmission input shaft .

　　New Word

　　Clutch 離合器

　　Flywheel 飛輪

　　Stationary 靜止的，不動的，不變的，固定的

　　Torsional 扭轉(zhuǎn)的，扭力的

　　Crankshaft 曲軸，機軸

　　Stall 停止，停轉(zhuǎn)，遲延

　　Mount 安放，設(shè)置，裝上

　　Groove 凹槽，溝

　　Lever 桿，杠桿，控制桿

　　Pivot 支點

　　Gearbox 變速器

　　Retract 縮回，縮進，收回，

　　Compactness 緊密，簡潔

　　Drive train 傳動系

　　Drive shaft 傳動軸

　　Pressure plate 壓盤

　　Clutch disc 離合器從動盤，離合器摩擦片

　　Gear ratio 傳動比

　　Release bearing 分離軸承

　　Release fork 分離撥叉

　　Master cylinder 主缸

　　Clutch pedal 離合器踏板

　　Coupling device 結(jié)合裝置

　　At idle 空轉(zhuǎn)?？臻e

　　Couple with 與。。。。。。。結(jié)合

　　Ring gear 外形齒輪，齒圈

　　Pinion gear 小齒輪

　　Splined hub 花鍵轂

　　Cast iron 鑄鐵

　　Diaphragm spring 膜片彈簧

　　Thrust pad 止推片

　　Engage with 結(jié)合

　　Centrifugal force 離心力

　　Fulcrum ring 支撐環(huán)

　　Pilot bushing 導(dǎo)軸襯

　　Bell housing 鐘形外殼，離合器殼

　　3.2 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

　　The modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in today’s automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .

　　There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .

　　On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .

　　There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.

　　The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems .

　　3.2.1 Planetary gear sets

　　Automatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets .

　　The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , all remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called pinions which are attached to the carrier .

　　One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it can’t move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will walk along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) .

　　If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed as the input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear .

　　The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a Multi-disk clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning .

　　The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft .

　　Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission .

　　3.2.2 Clutch pack

　　A clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one .

　　3.2.3One-way Clutch

　　A one-way clutch ( also known as a sprag clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other . This effect is just like that bicycle , where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward , but will spin free when pedaling backward .

　　A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position . When you begin to accelerate from a stop , the transmission starts out in first gear . But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral . Now , shift into Low gear instead of Drive . When you let go of the gas in this case , you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car . The reason for this is that in Drive , one-way clutch is used whereas in Low , a clutch pack or a band is used .

　　3.2.4Torque Converter

　　On automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise .

　　A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine’s crankshaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter .

　　With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator stopped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a help angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the ‘80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph. This lockup is controlled by computer and usually won’t engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear .

　　3.2.5 Hydraulic System

　　The hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and . Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission ‘s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .

　　3.2.6 Oil Pump

　　The transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to a flange on the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required .

　　3.2.7 Valve Body

　　The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur .

　　The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in . When you place the gear shift in Drive , for instance , the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1st gear . It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift . On computer controlled transmission , you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points .

　　3.2.8 Computer Controls

　　The computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position , vehicle speed , engine speed , engine load , stop light switch position , etc . to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be . Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it .

　　Because of computer controls , sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate , then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will . The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it .

　　Another advantage to these smart transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash . A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is .

　　3.2.9 Seals and Gaskets

　　An automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out . There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal . The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case . This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out . The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft .

　　A seal is usually made of rubber ( similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade ) and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft . In some cases , the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft .

　　A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together . Some common gasket materials are : paper , cork , rubber , silicone and soft metal .

　　Aside from the main seals , there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission . A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever . This is the shaft that you move when you manipulate the gear shifter . Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket . In fact , seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks .

　　New Words

　　Hump 圓形隆起

　　Transaxle 變速器驅(qū)動橋

　　Tuck 把一端塞進

　　Gasket 墊圈

　　Governor 油壓調(diào)節(jié)器

　　Modulator 調(diào)制器

　　Spline 花鍵

　　Bond 結(jié)合

　　Strap 帶,皮帶

　　Doughnut 圓環(huán)圖

　　Stator 定子,固定片

　　Maze 曲徑

　　Submerge 浸沒,淹沒

　　Quart 夸脫

　　Downshift 調(diào)低速檔

　　Optimal 最佳的

　　Solenoid 螺線管

　　Retrieve 重新得到

　　Cork 塞住

　　Manipulate 操作,使用

　　Fluid coupling 液力偶合器

　　Torque converter 液力變矩器

　　Planetary converter 行星齒輪組

　　Throttle cable 節(jié)氣門拉線

　　Ring gear 齒圈

　　High gear 高速檔

　　Reverse gear 倒檔

　　Sprag clutch 鍥塊式單向離合器

　　Centrifugal force 離心力

　　Gear up 促進

　　Stick shift 頂桿檔

　　Vacuum hose 真空軟管

　　Throttle valve 節(jié)氣閥

　　Leak out 泄露

　　Windshield wiper 風(fēng)窗玻璃刮水器

　　3.3 The Differential System

　　When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel . This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up . During this period it is desirable that each driving maintains its driving action . The differential performs these two tasks . The principle of the bevel type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever .

　　When the vehicle is traveling straight , the lever will divide the diving force equally and both discs will move the same amount .

　　When the vehicle corners , the driving will still be divided equally but the inner disc will now move through a smaller distance ;this will cause the lever to pivot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement . This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equal – hence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer .

　　New Word

　　Desirable 想知道的

　　Disc 盤片,輪盤,輪圈

　　Prize 撬動,推動

　　Equalizer 平衡裝置

　　3.4 Brake System

　　The breaking system is the most important system in cars . If the brakes fail , the result can be disastrous . Brakes are actually energy conversion devices , which convert the kinetic energy ( momentum ) of the vehicle into thermal ( heat ) . When stepping on the brakes , the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion . The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes .

　　The brake system is composed of the following basic components : the master cylinder which is located under the hood , and is directly connected to the brake pedal , converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure . Steel brake lines and flexible brake hoses connect the master cylinder to the slave cylinders located at each wheel . Brake fluid , specially designed to work in extreme condition , fills the system . Shoes and Pads are pushed by the salve cylinders to contact the drum and rotors thus causing drag , which ( hopefully ) slows the car .

　　The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder .

　　Stepping on the brake pedal , a plunger is actually been pushing against in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil ( brake fluid ) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel . Since hydraulic fluid ( or any fluid for that matter ) cannot be compressed , pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through pipe . Unlike a steel bar , however , fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination , arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with . It is very important that the fluid is pure liquid and that there are no air bubbles in it . Air can compress , which causes a sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking efficiency . If air is suspected , then the system must be bled to remove the air . There are bleeder screws at each wheel and caliper for this purpose .

　　On a disk brakes , the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper where it pressure against a piston . The piton , in-turn , squeezes two brake pads against the disk ( rotor ) which is attached to the wheel , forcing it to slow down or stop . This process is similar to the wheel ,causing the wheel to stop . In either case , the friction surface of the pads on a disk brake system , on the shoes on a drum brake convert the forward motion of the vehicle into heat . Heat is what causes the friction surfaces ( lining ) of the pads and shoes to eventually wear out and require replacement .

　　Brake fluid is a special oil that has specifics properties . It is designed to withstand cold temperatures without thickening as well as very high temperatures without boiling . ( If the brake fluid should boil , it will cause you to have a spongy pedal and the car will be hard to stop ) .

　　The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder . Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover . The brake fluid lever will drop slightly as the brake pads wear . This is a normal condition and no cause for concern . If the lever drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full , have your brakes checked as soon as possible . Keep the reservoir covered expect for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a can of brake fluid uncovered . Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point . Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point .

　　The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses . Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility , such as at the front wheels , which move up and down as well as steer . The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at attachment points . If a steel line requires a repair , the best procedure is to replace the complete line . If this is nit practical , a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair . You must never use brass compression fittings or copper tubing repair a brake system . They are dangerous and illegal .

　　3.4.1 Other Components in the Hydraulic System

　　Proportioning Valve or Equalizer Valve

　　These valves are mounted between the master cylinder and the rear wheels . They are designed to adjust the pressure between the front and the rear brakes depending on how hard you are stopping . The shorter you stop , the more of the vehicle’s weight is transferred to the front wheels , in some cases , causing the rear to lift and the front to dive . These valves are designed to direct more pressure to the front and less pressure to the harder you stop . This minimizes the chance of premature lockup at the rear wheels .

　　Pressure Differential Valve

　　This valve is usually mounted just below the master and is responsible for turning the brake warning light on when it detects a malfunction . It measures the pressure from the two sections of the master cylinder and compares them . Since it is mounted ahead of the proportioning or equalizer valve , the two pressure it detects should be equal . If it detects a difference , it means that there is probably a brake fluid leak somewhere in the system .

　　Combination Valve

　　The Combination valve is simply a proportioning valve and a pressure differential valve that is combine into one unit .

　　The parking brake system controls the rear brakes through a series of steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal . The ideal is that the system is fully mechanical and completely bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if there is a total brake failure .

　　New Word

　　Disastrous 災(zāi)難性的

　　Hood 發(fā)動機罩

　　Plunger 活塞,柱塞

　　Sponginess 輕軟有彈性的

　　Malfunction 故障

　　Bypass 設(shè)旁路,與會

　　Corkscrew 活塞推桿

　　Inoperative 不起作用的

　　Booster 調(diào)壓器,助力器

　　Slam 砰地踏下

　　Screech 發(fā)出尖銳的聲音

　　Thumping 極大的

　　Momentarily 即刻

　　Thermal energy 熱能

　　Master cylinder 制動主缸

　　Brake pedal 制動踏板

　　Brake hose 制動軟管

　　Salve cylinder 輪缸

　　Drum brake 鼓式制動器

　　Brake shoe 制動蹄

　　Bleeder screw 放氣螺釘

　　Spongy pedal 踏板發(fā)軟

　　Panic stop 緊急停車,緊急制動

　　Friction lining 摩擦襯片

　　Proportioning valve 比列閥

　　Equalizer valve 平衡閥

　　Pressure differential valve 差壓閥

　　Combination valve 組合閥

　　3.5 Steering System

　　3.5.1Basic Parts of Steering System

　　The steering converts the steering –wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle .

　　The basic steering system in most cars is the same . The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system .This is usually next to the engine . A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear . This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft . The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column . Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear . This shaft connects to the arms , rods , and links . This parts assembly , called the steering linkage , connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels . The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles , As shown in fig , the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom . Thus , the wheels and rites can turn from side top side .

　　While the steering system may look complicated , it works quite simply . When a driver drives a car straight down the road , the steering gear is centered . The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead . When the driver turns the steering wheel , the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side . The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns , as well . When the shaft turns , it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points . Thus , the steering knuckle , spindle , wheels , and tires turn to one side , causing the car to turn .

　　The type of steering layout depends on the suspension system . The beam axle used on heavy commercial vehicle has a king pin fitted at each end of the axle and this pin is the pivot which allows the wheels to be steered . Cars have independent suspension and this system has ball joints to allow for wheel movement .

　　New Word

　　Steering box 轉(zhuǎn)向器

　　Steering column 轉(zhuǎn)向柱管

　　Steering linkage 轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)

　　Steering knuckle 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)

　　King pin 主銷

　　Track rod 轉(zhuǎn)向桿

　　Drop arm 搖臂

　　Stub axle 轉(zhuǎn)向軸

　　Turn about 繞.轉(zhuǎn)動

　　Spindle 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)(軸端)

　　Swivel joint 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)

　　Types of Steering System

　　A steering box must have the following qualities :

　　1) no play in the straight-ahead position

　　2)low friction , resulting in high efficiency

　　3)high rigidity ,

　　4 readjustability

　　For these reasons , these are several different types of steering gears . However , there are only two types of steering systems : manual steering systems and power steering systems . In the manual type , the driver dose all the work of turning the steering wheel , steering gear , wheels and tires . In the power , hydraulic fluid assists the operation so that driver effort is reduced .

　　On today’s cars , two types of steering systems commonly are used to provide steering control :

　　1) recirculating ball

　　2) rack and pinion

　　Either of these two types of steering mechanisms may be a fully mechanical systems or a power –assisted system .

　　3.6 Front Suspension

　　The front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension . This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions . The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering . Since the car goes in the direction in which the front wheels point , the alignment of the front wheels is important . The wheels must point in just the right direction for the car to move straight down the road and turn properly .

　　Modern cars uses an independent front suspension . In this system , each wheel mounts separately to the frame and has its own individual spring and shock absorber . Thus , the wheels act independently of one another . When one wheel hits a bump or hole in the road , the other wheel dose no9t deflect .

　　3.6.1Front Wheel Alignment

　　As a car moves down the high-way , the suspension moves the front wheels up and down . At the same time , the steering mechanism moves the front wheels , sometimes to make turns and sometimes to make the travel straight . The angular relationship between the wheels and suspension parts during this motion is the front-end geometry . Since the geometry can change the alignment of front wheels is adjustable . You can change the adjustment to compensate for spring sag .

　　The alignment of the front wheels affects the operation of a car . Poor alignment ca make a car pull to one side and stop the front wheels from returning to the straight-ahead position after a turn . The three normally adjustable angles are caster , camber , and toe .

　　1. Toe-in

　　Toe-in specifies the degree to which non-parallel front wheels are closer together at the front than at the rear ; measured at the edges of the rims at the wheel center height . front non-driven wheels , toe-in is approximately 2-3 mm, and between +3mmand-2 mmfor driven wheels . Toe-in reduces the tendency of the wheels to shimmy .

　　2. Kingpin Angle

　　The kingpin angle is the inclination of the steering axis relative to the longitudinal plane , measured in the transverse plane of the vehicle . Kingpin angle is 2°-16°and determines the steering aligning torque in conjunction with steering offset and wheel caster . It is measured only with the vehicle loaded .

　　3. Camber

　　Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel at the top . Inward tilt is negative camber and outward tilt is positive camber . The tilt of the wheel is measured inn degrees and is adjustable on many vehicles .

　　4. Caster

　　Caster is the forward or backward of spindle or steering the knuckle at the top when viewed from the side . Forward tilt is negative caster and backward tilt positive caster . Caster is measured in the number of degrees that it is forward or backward from true vertical and is adjustable on many vehicle .

　　New Word

　　Front wheel alignment 前輪定位

　　Sag 傾斜

　　Caster 主銷傾角

　　Camber 車輪傾角

　　Toe 輪胎緣距

　　Toe-in 輪胎前束

　　Kingpin 主銷

　　Align 矯正,對準

　　Positive camber 車輪外傾角

　　Negative camber 車輪內(nèi)傾角

　　Deviate 偏離

　　Positive caster 主銷正傾角

　　Negative caster 主銷負傾角

　　3.6.2 Rear Suspension

　　The purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the rear of the vehicle . As with the front suspension , this system contributes to the stability and ride of the vehicle . Rear suspension may be of the solid axle or independent design . Many cars have solid axle rear suspension . Either design may have different kinds of springs , including torsion bars . However , the coil spring and leaf spring types are most popular .

　　3.7 Wheels and Tires

　　To maintain grip when a vehicle is traveling at speed over a bumpy surface , a wheel must be light in weight . Also it must be strong , cheap to produce , easy to clan and simple to remove .

　　3.7.1. Wheels

　　The structure of the wheel is shown in Fig . The rim is made in one piece , with the wheel center welded or riveted to it . Most modern vehicles use the drop center type . This drop center provides a well for tire bead to drop into for tire removal . A slight hump at the head ledge holds the tire in place should it go flat while driving .

　　3.7.2. tires

　　Tires are important to your safety and comfort . They transmit the driving and braking power to the road . The car’s directional control , road-ability and riding comfort are greatly dependent on the tires . Tires should be selected and maintained with great care .

　　There are two basic types of tires – those with inner tubes and those without ( called tubeless tires ) . Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type . Truck and bus tire are usually of the tube type .

　　Tires are made of several layers of nylon , rayon , or polyester fabric bonded together with belts of rayon , fiberglass , or steel cord . The rubber used in tires is a blend of natural and synthetic rubber .

　　New Words

　　Rim 輪緣

　　Bead 胎邊,輪緣

　　Hump 凸起

　　Inner tube 內(nèi)胎

　　Rayon 人造絲

　　Polyester 多元脂

　　Casing plies 簾布層

　　Rubber chafer 橡膠胎圈

　　機械專業(yè)英語詞匯

　　陶瓷 ceramics

　　合成纖維 synthetic fibre

　　電化學(xué)腐蝕 electrochemical corrosion

　　車架 automotive chassis

　　懸架 suspension

　　轉(zhuǎn)向器 redirector

　　變速器 speed changer

　　板料沖壓 sheet metal parts

　　孔加工 spot facing machining

　　車間 workshop

　　工程技術(shù)人員 engineer

　　氣動夾緊 pneuma lock

　　數(shù)學(xué)模型 mathematical model

　　畫法幾何 descriptive geometry

　　機械制圖 Mechanical drawing

　　投影 projection

　　視圖 view

　　剖視圖 profile chart

　　標準件 standard component

　　零件圖 part drawing

　　裝配圖 assembly drawing

　　尺寸標注 size marking

　　技術(shù)要求 technical requirements

　　剛度 rigidity

　　內(nèi)力 internal force

　　位移 displacement

　　截面 section

　　疲勞極限 fatigue limit

　　斷裂 fracture

　　塑性變形 plastic distortion

　　脆性材料 brittleness material

　　剛度準則 rigidity criterion

　　墊圈 washer

　　墊片 spacer

　　直齒圓柱齒輪 straight toothed spur gear

　　斜齒圓柱齒輪 helical-spur gear

　　直齒錐齒輪 straight bevel gear

　　運動簡圖 kinematic sketch

　　齒輪齒條 pinion and rack

　　蝸桿蝸輪 worm and worm gear

　　虛約束 passive constraint

　　曲柄 crank

　　搖桿 racker

　　凸輪 cams

　　共軛曲線 conjugate curve

　　范成法 generation method

　　定義域 definitional domain

　　值域 range

　　導(dǎo)數(shù)\\微分 differential coefficient

　　求導(dǎo) derivation

　　定積分 definite integral

　　不定積分 indefinite integral

　　曲率 curvature

　　偏微分 partial differential

　　毛坯 rough

　　游標卡尺 slide caliper

　　千分尺 micrometer calipers

　　攻絲 tap

　　二階行列式 second order determinant

　　逆矩陣 inverse matrix

　　線性方程組 linear equations

　　概率 probability

　　隨機變量 random variable

　　排列組合 permutation and combination

　　氣體狀態(tài)方程 equation of state of gas

　　動能 kinetic energy

　　勢能 potential energy

　　機械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy

　　動量 momentum

　　桁架 truss

　　軸線 axes

　　余子式 cofactor

　　邏輯電路 logic circuit

　　觸發(fā)器 flip-flop

　　脈沖波形 pulse shape

　　數(shù)模 digital analogy

　　液壓傳動機構(gòu) fluid drive mechanism

　　機械零件 mechanical parts

　　淬火冷卻 quench

　　淬火 hardening

　　回火 tempering

　　調(diào)質(zhì) hardening and tempering

　　磨粒 abrasive grain

　　結(jié)合劑 bonding agent

　　砂輪 grinding wheel

　　后角 clearance angle

　　龍門刨削 planing

　　主軸 spindle

　　主軸箱 headstock

　　卡盤 chuck

　　加工中心 machining center

　　車刀 lathe tool

　　車床 lathe

　　鉆削 鏜削 bore

　　車削 turning

　　磨床 grinder

　　基準 benchmark

　　鉗工 locksmith

　　鍛 forge

　　壓模 stamping

　　焊 weld

　　拉床 broaching machine

　　拉孔 broaching

　　裝配 assembling

　　鑄造 found

　　流體動力學(xué) fluid dynamics

　　流體力學(xué) fluid mechanics

　　加工 machining

　　液壓 hydraulic pressure

　　切線 tangent

　　機電一體化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration

　　氣壓 air pressure pneumatic pressure

　　穩(wěn)定性 stability

　　介質(zhì) medium

　　液壓驅(qū)動泵 fluid clutch

　　液壓泵 hydraulic pump

　　閥門 valve

　　失效 invalidation

　　強度 intensity

　　載荷 load

　　應(yīng)力 stress

　　安全系數(shù) safty factor

　　可靠性 reliability

　　螺紋 thread

　　螺旋 helix

　　鍵 spline

　　銷 pin

　　滾動軸承 rolling bearing

　　滑動軸承 sliding bearing

　　彈簧 spring

　　制動器 arrester brake

　　十字結(jié)聯(lián)軸節(jié) crosshead

　　聯(lián)軸器 coupling

　　鏈 chain

　　皮帶 strap

　　精加工 finish machining

　　粗加工 rough machining

　　變速箱體 gearbox casing

　　腐蝕 rust

　　氧化 oxidation

　　磨損 wear

　　耐用度 durability

　　隨機信號 random signal

　　離散信號 discrete signal

　　超聲傳感器 ultrasonic sensor

　　集成電路 integrate circuit

　　擋板 orifice plate

　　殘余應(yīng)力 residual stress

　　套筒 sleeve

　　扭力 torsion

　　冷加工 cold machining

　　電動機 electromotor

　　汽缸 cylinder

　　過盈配合 interference fit

　　熱加工 hotwork

　　攝像頭 CCD camera

　　倒角 rounding chamfer

　　優(yōu)化設(shè)計 optimal design

　　工業(yè)造型設(shè)計 industrial moulding design

　　有限元 finite element

　　滾齒 hobbing

　　插齒 gear shaping

　　伺服電機 actuating motor

　　銑床 milling machine

　　鉆床 drill machine

　　鏜床 boring machine

　　步進電機 stepper motor

　　絲杠 screw rod

　　導(dǎo)軌 lead rail

　　組件 subassembly

　　可編程序邏輯控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC

　　電火花加工 electric spark machining

　　電火花線切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting

　　相圖 phase diagram

　　熱處理 heat treatment

　　固態(tài)相變 solid state phase changes

　　有色金屬 nonferrous metal

　　陶瓷 ceramics

　　合成纖維 synthetic fibre

　　電化學(xué)腐蝕 electrochemical corrosion

　　車架 automotive chassis

　　懸架 suspension

　　轉(zhuǎn)向器 redirector

　　變速器 speed changer

　　板料沖壓 sheet metal parts

　　孔加工 spot facing machining

　　車間 workshop

　　工程技術(shù)人員 engineer

　　氣動夾緊 pneuma lock

　　數(shù)學(xué)模型 mathematical model

　　畫法幾何 descriptive geometry

　　機械制圖 Mechanical drawing

　　投影 projection

　　視圖 view

　　剖視圖 profile chart

　　標準件 standard component

　　零件圖 part drawing

　　裝配圖 assembly drawing

　　尺寸標注 size marking

　　技術(shù)要求 technical requirements

　　剛度 rigidity

　　內(nèi)力 internal force

　　位移 displacement

　　截面 section

　　疲勞極限 fatigue limit

　　斷裂 fracture

　　塑性變形 plastic distortion

　　脆性材料 brittleness material

　　剛度準則 rigidity criterion

　　墊圈 washer

　　墊片 spacer

　　直齒圓柱齒輪 straight toothed spur gear

　　斜齒圓柱齒輪 helical-spur gear

　　直齒錐齒輪 straight bevel gear

　　運動簡圖 kinematic sketch

　　齒輪齒條 pinion and rack

　　蝸桿蝸輪 worm and worm gear

　　虛約束 passive constraint

　　曲柄 crank

　　搖桿 racker

　　凸輪 cams

　　共軛曲線 conjugate curve

　　范成法 generation method

　　定義域 definitional domain

　　值域 range

　　導(dǎo)數(shù)\\微分 differential coefficient

　　求導(dǎo) derivation

　　定積分 definite integral

　　不定積分 indefinite integral

　　曲率 curvature

　　偏微分 partial differential

　　毛坯 rough

　　游標卡尺 slide caliper

　　千分尺 micrometer calipers

　　攻絲 tap

　　二階行列式 second order determinant

　　逆矩陣 inverse matrix

　　線性方程組 linear equations

　　概率 probability

　　隨機變量 random variable

　　排列組合 permutation and combination

　　氣體狀態(tài)方程 equation of state of gas

　　動能 kinetic energy

　　勢能 potential energy

　　機械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy

　　動量 momentum

　　桁架 truss

　　軸線 axes

　　余子式 cofactor

　　邏輯電路 logic circuit

　　觸發(fā)器 flip-flop

　　脈沖波形 pulse shape

　　數(shù)模 digital analogy

　　液壓傳動機構(gòu) fluid drive mechanism

　　機械零件 mechanical parts

　　淬火冷卻 quench

　　淬火 hardening

　　回火 tempering

　　調(diào)質(zhì) hardening and tempering

　　磨粒 abrasive grain

　　結(jié)合劑 bonding agent

　　砂輪 grinding wheel

　　Assembly line 組裝線

　　Layout 布置圖

　　Conveyer 流水線物料板

　　Rivet table 拉釘機

　　Rivet gun 拉釘槍

　　Screw driver 起子

　　Pneumatic screw driver 氣動起子

　　worktable 工作桌

　　OOBA 開箱檢查

　　fit together 組裝在一起

　　fasten 鎖緊(螺絲)

　　fixture 夾具(治具)

　　pallet 棧板

　　barcode 條碼

　　barcode scanner 條碼掃描器

　　fuse together 熔合

　　fuse machine熱熔機

　　repair修理

　　operator作業(yè)員

　　QC品管

　　supervisor 課長

　　ME 制造工程師

　　MT 制造生技

　　cosmetic inspect 外觀檢查

　　inner parts inspect 內(nèi)部檢查

　　thumb screw 大頭螺絲

　　lbs. inch 鎊、英寸

　　EMI gasket 導(dǎo)電條

　　front plate 前板

　　rear plate 后板

　　chassis 基座

　　bezel panel 面板

　　power button 電源按鍵

　　reset button 重置鍵

　　Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高壓測試

　　Voltage switch of SPS 電源電壓接拉鍵

　　sheet metal parts 沖件

　　plastic parts 塑膠件

　　SOP 制造作業(yè)程序

　　material check list 物料檢查表

　　work cell 工作間

　　trolley 臺車

　　carton 紙箱

　　sub-line 支線

　　left fork 叉車

　　personnel resource department 人力資源部

　　production department生產(chǎn)部門

　　planning department企劃部

　　QC Section品管科

　　stamping factory沖壓廠

　　painting factory烤漆廠

　　molding factory成型廠

　　common equipment常用設(shè)備

　　uncoiler and straightener整平機

　　punching machine 沖床

　　robot機械手

　　hydraulic machine油壓機

　　lathe車床

　　planer |plein|刨床

　　miller銑床

　　grinder磨床

　　linear cutting線切割

　　electrical sparkle電火花

　　welder電焊機

　　staker=reviting machine鉚合機

　　position職務(wù)

　　president董事長

　　general manager總經(jīng)理

　　special assistant manager特助

　　factory director廠長

　　department director部長

　　deputy manager | =vice manager副理

　　section supervisor課長

　　deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副課長

　　group leader/supervisor組長

　　line supervisor線長

　　assistant manager助理

　　to move, to carry, to handle搬運

　　be put in storage入庫

　　pack packing包裝

　　to apply oil擦油

　　to file burr 銼毛刺

　　final inspection終檢

　　to connect material接料

　　to reverse material 翻料

　　wet station沾濕臺

　　Tiana天那水

　　cleaning cloth抹布

　　to load material上料

　　to unload material卸料

　　to return material/stock to退料

　　scraped |\\'skr?pid|報廢

　　scrape ..v.刮;削

　　deficient purchase來料不良

　　manufacture procedure制程

　　deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良

　　oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化

　　scratch刮傷

　　dents壓痕

　　defective upsiding down抽芽不良

　　defective to staking鉚合不良

　　embedded lump鑲塊

　　feeding is not in place送料不到位

　　stamping-missing漏沖

　　production capacity生產(chǎn)力

　　education and training教育與訓(xùn)練

　　proposal improvement提案改善

　　spare parts=buffer備件

　　forklift叉車

　　trailer=long vehicle拖板車

　　compound die合模

　　die locker鎖模器

　　pressure plate=plate pinch壓板

　　bolt螺栓

　　administration/general affairs dept總務(wù)部

　　automatic screwdriver電動啟子

　　thickness gauge厚薄規(guī)

　　gauge(or jig)治具

　　power wire電源線

　　buzzle蜂鳴器

　　defective product label不良標簽

　　identifying sheet list標示單

　　location地點

　　present members出席人員

　　subject主題

　　conclusion結(jié)論

　　decision items決議事項

　　responsible department負責(zé)單位

　　pre-fixed finishing date預(yù)定完成日

　　approved by / checked by / prepared by核準/審核/承辦

　　PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE組裝廠生產(chǎn)排配表

　　model機鍾

　　work order工令

　　revision版次

　　remark備注

　　production control confirmation生產(chǎn)確認

　　checked by初審

　　approved by核準

　　department部門

　　stock age analysis sheet 庫存貨齡分析表

　　on-hand inventory現(xiàn)有庫存

　　available material良品可使用

　　obsolete material良品已呆滯

　　to be inspected or reworked 待驗或重工

　　total合計

　　cause description原因說明

　　part number/ P/N 料號

　　type形態(tài)

　　item/group/class類別

　　quality品質(zhì)

　　prepared by制表 notes說明

　　year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年終盤點差異分析表

　　physical inventory盤點數(shù)量

　　physical count quantity帳面數(shù)量

　　difference quantity差異量

　　cause analysis原因分析

　　raw materials原料

　　materials物料

　　finished product成品

　　semi-finished product半成品

　　packing materials包材

　　good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品

　　defective product/non-good parts不良品

　　disposed goods處理品

　　warehouse/hub倉庫

　　on way location在途倉

　　oversea location海外倉

　　spare parts physical inventory list備品盤點清單

　　spare molds location模具備品倉

　　skid/pallet棧板

　　tox machine自鉚機

　　wire EDM線割

　　EDM放電機

　　coil stock卷料

　　sheet stock片料

　　tolerance工差

　　score=groove壓線

　　cam block滑塊

　　pilot導(dǎo)正筒

　　trim剪外邊

　　pierce剪內(nèi)邊

　　drag form壓鍛差

　　pocket for the punch head掛鉤槽

　　slug hole廢料孔

　　feature die公母模

　　expansion dwg展開圖

　　radius半徑

　　shim(wedge)楔子

　　torch-flame cut火焰切割

　　set screw止付螺絲

　　form block折刀

　　stop pin定位銷

　　round pierce punch=die button圓沖子

　　shape punch=die insert異形子

　　stock locater block定位塊

　　under cut=scrap chopper清角

　　active plate活動板

　　baffle plate擋塊

　　cover plate蓋板

　　male die公模

　　female die母模

　　groove punch壓線沖子

　　air-cushion eject-rod氣墊頂桿

　　spring-box eject-plate彈簧箱頂板

　　bushing block襯套

　　insert 入塊

　　club car高爾夫球車

　　capability能力

　　parameter參數(shù)

　　factor系數(shù)

　　phosphate皮膜化成

　　viscosity涂料粘度

　　alkalidipping脫脂

　　main manifold主集流脈

　　bezel斜視規(guī)

　　blanking穿落模

　　dejecting頂固模

　　demagnetization去磁;消磁

　　high-speed transmission高速傳遞

　　heat dissipation熱傳 rack上料

　　degrease脫脂

　　rinse水洗

　　alkaline etch齡咬

　　desmut剝黑膜

　　D.I. rinse純水次

　　Chromate鉻酸處理

　　Anodize陽性處理

　　seal封孔

　　revision版次

　　part number/P/N料號

　　good products良品

　　scraped products報放心品

　　defective products不良品

　　finished products成品

　　disposed products處理品

　　barcode條碼

　　flow chart流程表單

　　assembly組裝

　　stamping沖壓

　　molding成型

　　spare parts=buffer備品

　　coordinate座標

　　dismantle the die折模

　　auxiliary fuction輔助功能

　　poly-line多義線

　　heater band 加熱片

　　thermocouple熱電偶

　　sand blasting噴沙

　　grit 砂礫

　　derusting machine除銹機

　　degate打澆口

　　dryer烘干機

　　induction感應(yīng)

　　induction light感應(yīng)光

　　response=reaction=interaction感應(yīng)

　　ram連桿

　　edge finder巡邊器

　　concave凸

　　convex凹

　　short射料不足

　　nick缺口

　　speck瑕??

　　shine亮班

　　splay 銀紋

　　gas mark焦痕

　　delamination起鱗

　　cold slug冷塊

　　blush 導(dǎo)色

　　gouge溝槽;鑿槽

　　satin texture段面咬花

　　witness line證示線

　　patent專利

　　grit沙礫

　　granule=peuet=grain細粒

　　grit maker抽粒機

　　cushion緩沖

　　magnalium鎂鋁合金

　　magnesium鎂金

　　metal plate鈑金

　　lathe車 mill銼

　　plane刨

　　grind磨

　　drill鋁

　　boring鏜

　　blinster氣泡

　　fillet鑲;嵌邊

　　through-hole form通孔形式

　　voller pin formality滾針形式

　　cam driver鍘楔

　　shank摸柄

　　crank shaft曲柄軸

　　augular offset角度偏差

　　velocity速度

　　production tempo生產(chǎn)進度現(xiàn)狀

　　torque扭矩

　　spline=the multiple keys花鍵

　　quenching淬火

　　tempering回火

　　annealing退火

　　carbonization碳化

　　tungsten high speed steel鎢高速的

　　moly high speed steel鉬高速的

　　organic solvent有機溶劑

　　bracket小磁導(dǎo)

　　liaison聯(lián)絡(luò)單

　　volatile揮發(fā)性

　　resistance電阻

　　ion離子

　　titrator滴定儀

　　beacon警示燈

　　coolant冷卻液

　　crusher破碎機

　　阿基米德蝸桿 Archimedes worm

　　安全系數(shù) safety factor; factor of safety

　　安全載荷 safe load

　　凹面、凹度 concavity

　　扳手 wrench

　　板簧 flat leaf spring

　　半圓鍵 woodruff key

　　變形 deformation

　　擺桿 oscillating bar

　　擺動從動件 oscillating follower

　　擺動從動件凸輪機構(gòu) cam with oscillating follower

　　擺動導(dǎo)桿機構(gòu) oscillating guide-bar mechanism

　　擺線齒輪 cycloidal gear

　　擺線齒形 cycloidal tooth profile

　　擺線運動規(guī)律 cycloidal motion

　　擺線針輪 cycloidal-pin wheel

　　包角 angle of contact

　　保持架 cage

　　背對背安裝 back-to-back arrangement

　　背錐 back cone ; normal cone

　　背錐角 back angle

　　背錐距 back cone distance

　　比例尺 scale

　　比熱容 specific heat capacity

　　閉式鏈 closed kinematic chain

　　閉鏈機構(gòu) closed chain mechanism

　　臂部 arm

　　變頻器 frequency converters

　　變頻調(diào)速 frequency control of motor speed

　　變速 speed change

　　變速齒輪 change gear change wheel

　　變位齒輪 modified gear

　　變位系數(shù) modification coefficient

　　標準齒輪 standard gear

　　標準直齒輪 standard spur gear

　　表面質(zhì)量系數(shù) superficial mass factor

　　表面?zhèn)鳠嵯禂?shù) surface coefficient of heat transfer

　　表面粗糙度 surface roughness

　　并聯(lián)式組合 combination in parallel

　　并聯(lián)機構(gòu) parallel mechanism

　　并聯(lián)組合機構(gòu) parallel combined mechanism

　　并行工程 concurrent engineering

　　并行設(shè)計 concurred design, CD

　　不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance

　　不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance)

　　不平衡量 amount of unbalance

　　不完全齒輪機構(gòu) intermittent gearing

　　波發(fā)生器 wave generator

　　波數(shù) number of waves

　　補償 compensation

　　參數(shù)化設(shè)計 parameterization design, PD

　　殘余應(yīng)力 residual stress

　　操縱及控制裝置 operation control device

　　槽輪 Geneva wheel

　　槽輪機構(gòu) Geneva mechanism ; Maltese cross

　　槽數(shù) Geneva numerate

　　槽凸輪 groove cam

　　側(cè)隙 backlash

　　差動輪系 differential gear train

　　差動螺旋機構(gòu) differential screw mechanism

　　差速器 differential

　　常用機構(gòu) conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use

　　車床 lathe

　　承載量系數(shù) bearing capacity factor

　　承載能力 bearing capacity

　　成對安裝 paired mounting

　　尺寸系列 dimension series

　　齒槽 tooth space

　　齒槽寬 spacewidth

　　齒側(cè)間隙 backlash

　　齒頂高 addendum

　　齒頂圓 addendum circle

　　齒根高 dedendum

　　齒根圓 dedendum circle

　　齒厚 tooth thickness

　　齒距 circular pitch

　　齒寬 face width

　　齒廓 tooth profile

　　齒廓曲線 tooth curve

　　齒輪 gear

　　齒輪變速箱 speed-changing gear boxes

　　齒輪齒條機構(gòu) pinion and rack

　　齒輪插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter

　　齒輪滾刀 hob ,hobbing cutter

　　齒輪機構(gòu) gear

　　齒輪輪坯 blank

　　齒輪傳動系 pinion unit

　　齒輪聯(lián)軸器 gear coupling

　　齒條傳動 rack gear

　　齒數(shù) tooth number

　　齒數(shù)比 gear ratio

　　齒條 rack

　　齒條插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter

　　齒形鏈、無聲鏈 silent chain

　　齒形系數(shù) form factor

　　齒式棘輪機構(gòu) tooth ratchet mechanism

　　插齒機 gear shaper

　　重合點 coincident points

　　重合度 contact ratio