譯聲是地區(qū)一家大型的專業(yè)翻譯公司，在多種領(lǐng)域均有著豐富的翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)。立足并致力于在、大連、廣州、等地提供。公司整合了各地的資源，并在、、廣州等地建立了翻譯公司分部，以依托外資開發(fā)當(dāng)?shù)氐姆g市場。譯聲翻譯公司的翻譯人員都有著優(yōu)秀的翻譯水平，公司的所有翻譯均有著深厚的行業(yè)背景和翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)所翻譯的行業(yè)有著深刻的理解，從而能夠確保翻譯項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量。公司致力于為每位客戶提供專業(yè)快速的翻譯服務(wù)，并成為溝通世界與中國的橋梁。
 

艾滋病詞典-HIV/AIDS terms(I-Q)
IDU  
   See: injection drug user 
 
IDV  
   See: indinavir 
 
illicit drug  
   See: recreational drug 
 
immune reconstitution  - 免疫功能重建 
    The rebuilding of an immune system that has been damaged or compromised by HIV infection; HIV treatment often leads to immune reconstitution in people with damaged immune systems 
 
immune reconstitution disease (ISD)  
   See: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 
 
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome  - 免疫重建炎性綜合癥 
    A set of symptoms that occurs in a person whose immune system is becoming stronger as a result of HIV treatment; the symptoms appear when a previously hidden opportunistic infection appears and the immune system overreacts to it 
 
immunization  - 免疫接種 
    The process by which a person is protected against disease-causing organisms through the stimulation of an immune response 
 
immunocompromised  - 免疫受損 
    Reduced functioning of the immune system, usually as a result of a disease or condition such as HIV infection 
 
immunomodulator  - 免疫促進(jìn)劑 
    An agent or process capable of modifying or influencing the function of the immune system; immunomodulators include cytokines (for example, IL-2, gamma interferon) and broad-acting agents 
 
inclusion criteria  - 包含標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 
    Characteristics of an individual that qualify him or her to take part in a clinical trial (for example, CD4+ cell count, pregnancy, other drugs taken) 
 
incubation period  
   See: window period 
 
indication  - 藥物認(rèn)可治療范 
    The approved uses of a drug 
 
indinavir  - 茚地那偉 
    An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; indinavir is a protease inhibitor (PI) 
 
induction therapy  - 誘導(dǎo)治療 
    An initial stage of treatment to quickly cause remission of the disease. In HIV treatment, induction therapy is an experimental procedure to rapidly reduce viral load before switching to long-term maintenance therapy 
 
INF  
   See: interferon 
 
informed consent  - 知情同意 
    A way to protect people entering a clinical trial; each participant must sign a consent form that explains the purpose of the trial, the results expected, the mechanics of the trial, potential risks, a list of other treatments available; there is also a statement telling the participant that (s)he can leave the clinical trial at any time 
 
injection drug user  - 毒品注射者 
    A person who uses a street drug (such as heroin or cocaine) that is injected with a needle and syringe 
 
inmate  - 獄犯 
    Someone who is in a correctional facility (prison or jail) 
 
insulin  - 胰島素 
    A hormone that enables the body to metabolize and use glucose (sugar); lack of insulin or insensitivity to it results in diabetes 
 
integrase inhibitor  - 整合酶抑制劑 
    A class of anti-HIV drugs (for example, zintevir) that suppress HIV by interfering with the action of the integrase enzyme 
 
interferon  - 干擾素 
    A protein that regulates the immune system, providing protection from microbes such as viruses 
 
interleukin  - 白細(xì)胞介素 
    A hormone (cytokine) that acts as a messenger in the immune system 
 
Invirase  
   See: saquinavir 
 
IRIS  
   See: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 
Kaletra  - 洛匹那偉利托那偉復(fù)合劑 
    An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; Kaletra is a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, two drugs that are protease inhibitors (PIs) 
 
Kaposi`s sarcoma  - 卡波氏肉瘤 
    Cancer of the blood vessels caused by a herpes virus; symptoms include red, pink or purple spots on the skin or internal organs; Kaposi’s sarcoma is very rare except in HIV-positive; it used to be a common opportunistic infection 
 
kidney function test  - 腎功能測試 
    A group of tests that show how well the kidneys are working 
 
kidney stone  - 腎結(jié)石 
    An accumulation of substances (for example, drug crystals, minerals) in the kidney, which may lead to pain and blockage 
 
Kivexa  - 拉米夫定阿巴卡偉復(fù)合劑 
    An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; Kivexa is a combination of 3TC and abacavir, two drugs that are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs, nukes) 
 
KS  
   See: Kaposi`s sarcoma 
lactic acidosis  - 乳酸中毒 
    An accumulation of lactic acid in the blood that is potentially fatal; it can be caused by mitochondrial toxicity, a side effect associated with some anti-HIV drugs 
 
lactose intolerance  - 乳酸過敏 
    When a person cannot digest lactose, which is commonly found in milk and other dairy products 
 
lamivudine  
   See: 3TC 
 
lesbian  - 女同性戀者 
    A woman who has emotional and sexual relations with other women 
 
lesbian gay bisexual transgendered  - 女同性戀/男同志/ 雙性戀-變性者 
    A term describing people whose sexuality falls outside of the majority heterosexual identity 
 
leukopenia  - 白血球減少 
    Abnormally low number of white blood cells 
 
Lexiva  
   See: fosamprenavir 
 
LGBT  
   See: lesbian gay bisexual transgendered 
 
lipid profile  - 脂肪型態(tài) 
    A blood test that measures the levels of lipids in the blood, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol 
 
lipodystrophy  - 脂肪代謝失調(diào)癥 
    Body shape changes in people taking anti-HIV medications, including fat loss, fat deposits and metabolic changes 
 
liver enzyme levels  - 肝臟酶類水平 
    A blood test that measures levels of liver enzymes to indicate how well the liver is working and whether it might be inflamed or damaged 
 
liver function test  
   See: liver enzyme levels 
 
longitudinal study  - 追蹤調(diào)查研究 
    A clinical study that follows participants over an extended period of time 
 
long-term nonprogression  - 長期沒有惡化 
    When an individual who has been infected with HIV for several years (7-10 or more) does not exhibit immune system decline or have opportunistic diseases; about 10% of persons with HIV disease seem to be long-term nonprogressors 
 
LTNP  
   See: long-term nonprogression 
 
lumbar puncture  - 腰髓穿刺 
    The insertion of a needle into the space around the spinal column to remove fluid for diagnosis or to inject medications or anesthesia 
 
lymph node  - 淋巴結(jié) 
    Small bean-sized organs located throughout the body, with concentrations in the neck, groin and armpits; lymph nodes are important in immune reactions and are also reservoir sites for HIV 
 
lymphatic system  - 淋巴系統(tǒng) 
    The interconnected system of spaces and glands by which lymph (fluid) circulates in the body; the lymphatic system is part of the immune system 
 
lymphocyte  - 淋巴細(xì)胞 
    A T-cell or B-cell, which are the white blood cells responsible for immune defense 
 
lymphoma  - 淋巴瘤 
    Cancer of the lymphatic system
MAC  
   See: Mycobacterium avium complex 
 
magnetic resonance imaging  - 磁力共振影像 
    A diagnostic technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves (instead of X-rays); MRIs produce a 3-dimensional computer model 
 
maintenance therapy  - 維持療法 
    Preventive or ongoing therapy that follows successful initial treatment of an illness; generally, maintenance therapy continues for the lifetime of the patient to stop the disease from occurring again 
 
malabsorption  - 吸收障礙 
    Poor absorption of nutrients or drugs in the intestines 
 
malaria  - 瘧疾 
    An infection passed by the bite of mosquitoes; symptoms of disease include chills and fevers 
 
malignant  - 惡性 
    Refers to a cancer, neoplasm or tumour that grows in an uncontrolled manner, invading nearby tissue and spreading (metastasizing) to other sites through the bloodstream 
 
marijuana  - 大麻 
    Cannabis sativa, a plant that contains the psychoactive ingredient delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); medicinal marijuana is used to reduce nausea from drugs and to restore appetite in people with HIV/AIDS with wasting syndrome 
 
men who have sex with men  - 男男性關(guān)系 
    Men who have sex together 
 
meningitis  - 腦膜炎 
    Inflammation of meninges (the layers that cover the brain), usually caused by a bacterial infection 
 
menstrual disorder  - 月經(jīng)失調(diào) 
    Problems with menstruation, that is, the monthly passing of blood in a woman 
 
meta-analysis  - 統(tǒng)計(jì)薈萃分析 
    An analysis that combines the results of two or more published studies 
 
metabolic disorder  - 新陳代謝失調(diào)癥 
    A problem with any of the processes of build up, break down or excretion of substances in the body; metabolic disorders can occur as a side effect of anti-HIV drugs 
 
methadone  - 美沙酮 
    An opioid drug used for pain therapy and to treat heroin addiction 
 
microbicide  - 殺菌劑 
    An agent that inactivates, kills or destroys microbes; vaginal microbicides are one way that women may be able to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV 
 
microsporidiosis  - 微孢子菌病 
    Infection that causes diarrhea and cramps; this is sometimes incorrectly diagnosed as cryptosporidiosis 
 
mitochondria  - 線粒體 
    A rod-shaped organelle that produces most of the energy inside a cell 
 
mitochondrial toxicity  - 線粒體中毒癥 
    Damage to the cell’s mitochondria, sometimes caused by certain anti-HIV drugs 
 
molluscum contagiosum  - 傳染性軟疣 
    An infectious skin disease caused by a virus; symptoms include small, white tumours on the face or body 
 
mother-to-child transmission  - 母嬰傳染 
    Transmission of infection from a mother to a fetus or newborn; vertical transmission may occur in the womb (in utero), during birth (intrapartum) or during breast-feeding (postpartum) 
 
MRI  
   See: magnetic resonance imaging 
 
MSM  
   See: men who have sex with men 
 
MTCT  
   See: mother-to-child transmission 
 
mucosal immunity  - 黏膜免疫性 
    Immunity that involves antibodies located in the mucous membranes at the openings of the body (for example, the genital tract); this type of immune defense repels invaders at their point of entry 
 
multicentre  - 多發(fā)源點(diǎn) 
    Involving many different locations; often used to describe a clinical trial 
 
mutation  - 變異 
    A change in a gene that is kept during later cell divisions 
 
Mycobacterium avium complex  - 分枝桿菌復(fù)癥 
    A disease caused by a fungus in dirt or dust particles; symptoms include weight loss, fatigue and fever 
 
myelopathy  - 脊髓病 
    A disease or disorder of the bone marrow 
 
myopathy  - 肌病 
    An inflammation or disease of the muscles that may cause pain or weakness
naturopathy  - 自然療法 
    A system of natural healing that relies on healthy foods and exercise and the avoidance of drugs, believing that the body can cure itself 
 
nausea  - 惡心 
    A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to throw up (vomit) 
 
needle exchange  - 針筒交換 
    A program where injection drug users receive clean syringes in exchange for syringes they have already used 
 
needle-stick injuries  - 針筒刺傷 
    When a person is pricked accidentally with a needle 
 
nelfinavir  - 奈非那偉 
    An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; nelfinavir is a protease inhibitor (PI) 
 
neonatal  - 新生兒 
    Pertaining to a newborn baby, especially during the first weeks after birth 
 
nephropathy  - 腎病 
    Kidney disease 
 
nephrotoxicity  - 腎中毒 
    Harmful effects on the kidneys; many drugs have nephrotoxic side effects 
 
neurosyphilis  - 神經(jīng)梅毒 
    A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death 
 
neurotoxicity  - 神經(jīng)中毒癥 
    Harmful effects on the nervous system; some anti-HIV drugs are neurotoxic 
 
neutropenia  - 嗜中性白血球減少癥 
    A low number of neutrophils in the blood; neutrophils are a white blood cell important in defending the body against infections 
 
nevirapine  - 奈維拉平 
    An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI, non-nuke) 
 
NFV  
   See: nelfinavir 
 
NHL  
   See: non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma 
 
night sweats  - 盜汗 
    Abnormal sweating during sleep 
 
NNRTI  
   See: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 
 
non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma  - 非何杰金淋巴瘤 
    A type of cancer of the lymph nodes; NHL is characterized by abnormal growth of B-cells and is the most common type of lymphoma in people with HIV/AIDS 
 
non-narcotic pain reliever  - 非麻醉止痛藥 
    A class of drugs that relieves pain; examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 
 
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor  - 非核苷類逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶抑制劑 
    A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV by blocking the reverse transcriptase enzyme, a viral enzyme involved in making more copies of HIV 
 
non-nuke  
   See: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 
 
nonprescription drug  
   See: over-the-counter drug 
 
NRTI  
   See: nucleoside analogue 
 
NtRTI  
   See: nucleotide analogue 
 
nucleoside analogue  - 核苷類近似體 
    A compound (for example, AZT, ddI, ddC, d4T, 3TC) that mimics one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA; these compounds suppress HIV replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme 
 
nucleotide analogue  - 核苷酸近似體 
    A compound (for example, tenofovir), similar to a nucleoside analogue but with an extra molecule attached, that mimics a building block of DNA and RNA; these compounds interfere with viral replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme 
 
nuke  
   See: nucleoside analogue 
 
nutrition  - 營養(yǎng) 
    The taking in and using of food and other nourishing materials by the body; eating the right kinds of foods may help people with HIV/AIDS feel better and stay stronger 
 
NVP  
   See: nevirapine 
observational study  - 前瞻性觀察研究 
    A clinical study in which no drug is given, but the patient`s symptoms, laboratory values and response to treatment are observed during the course of normal medical management 
 
off-label drug use  - 無標(biāo)簽藥物 
    Use of a drug for a purpose (indication) different from the approved uses of the drug 
 
OI  
   See: opportunistic infection 
 
opportunistic infection  - 機(jī)會(huì)性感染 
    An illness caused by a microorganism that usually does not cause disease in people with healthy immune systems, but which may cause serious illness in people with HIV/AIDS; common examples include PCP, MAC and CMV infection 
 
oral candidiasis  - 口腔念珠菌感染鵝口瘡 
    A fungal infection of the mouth that often appears as white or red patches 
 
oral sex  - 口交 
    Sexual intercourse where the genitals are stimulated by the mouth 
 
orphan drug  - 治療罕有病癥藥物 
    A drug that treats a rare disorder and whose development is often supported by money from the government 
 
osteopenia  - 軟骨癥 
    A decrease in the density of a person’s bones 
 
osteoporosis  - 骨質(zhì)疏松癥 
    The loss of bone and/or the loss of calcium from the bones 
 
OTC drug  
   See: over-the-counter drug 
 
over-the-counter drug  - 成藥 
    A drug that is available without a prescription
pain management  - 痛癥處理 
    The use of drugs and other techniques to relieve pain and make a person more comfortable 
 
palliative care  - 安寧護(hù)理 
    Medical care that relieves symptoms and provides comfort but does not cure; palliative care is an approach to life-threatening chronic illnesses, especially at the end of life 
 
pancreatitis  - 胰臟炎 
    A potentially fatal inflammation of the pancreas; pancreatitis is a side effect of some anti-HIV drugs 
 
Pap smear  - 子宮頸細(xì)胞抹片檢查 
    A procedure in which cells are taken from the uterine cervix or anus, prepared on a slide and examined under a microscope for signs of abnormal cell growth or cancer 
 
Papanicolou smear  
   See: Pap smear 
 
participatory research  
   See: community-based research 
 
peak level  - 最高水平 
    The highest concentration of a drug achieved in the body 
 
peer support  - 朋輩互助 
    Help from other people, including family, friends and especially other people with HIV/AIDS 
 
Pegasys  - 派羅欣（長效型干擾素） 
    A form of the drug interferon; Pegasys is usually taken with Copegus, a form of ribavirin, to treat hepatitis C infection 
 
Pegatron  - 長效型干擾素利巴偉林復(fù)合劑 
    A form of the drug interferon; Pegatron is usually taken with Rebetol, a form of ribavirin, to treat hepatitis C infection 
 
pelvic inflammatory disease  - 盆腔炎 
    An infection in the upper female reproductive tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries 
 
penicillin  - 盤尼西林 
    An antibiotic drug used to treat various bacterial infections 
 
pentamidine  - 戍烷脒 
    A drug used to prevent and treat Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) 
 
PEP  
   See: post-exposure prophylaxis 
 
perinatal transmission  
   See: mother-to-child transmission 
 
peripheral neuropathy  - 末稍神經(jīng)痛癥 
    Any disease, inflammation or abnormality of the peripheral nervous system (all the nerves that are not part of the brain and spinal cord) 
 
person with HIV/AIDS  - 艾滋病患者 
    A person infected with HIV, who may or may not have AIDS 
 
PHA  
   See: person with HIV/AIDS 
 
pharmacokinetic study  - 藥物動(dòng)力研究 
    A clinical trial of an experimental drug that looks at the body`s ability to absorb the drug 
 
pharmacokinetics  - 藥物動(dòng)力 
    How a drug behaves in the body, including how quickly it is absorbed, metabolized and excreted 
 
phase of clinical trial  - 臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)階段 
    Before a drug is approved for use in humans, it goes through three phases of clinical trials; phase I trials test drug pharmacokinetics, safety and toxicity in healthy volunteers; phase II and III trials test the drug`s effectiveness to treat a condition; phase III trials often involve more people and may compare the drug to other therapies or to placebo 
 
phenotypic testing  - 生態(tài)表現(xiàn)測試 
    A test for viral drug resistance that is based on the ability of the virus to reproduce in the presence of the drug 
 
PI  
   See: protease inhibitor 
 
PID  
   See: pelvic inflammatory disease 
 
placebo  - 無效對(duì)照劑 
    An inactive substance given to a control group in a clinical trial; a placebo is sometimes called a sugar pill 
 
plasma  - 血漿 
    The liquid portion of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, metabolic wastes and chemical signals between different parts of the body 
 
PML  
   See: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 
 
Pneumocystis pneumonia  - 卡氏肺囊蟲肺炎 
    A life-threatening type of pneumonia that can cause severe illness in people with CD4+ counts less than 200 
 
pneumonia  - 肺炎 
    A group of diseases that show up as an inflammation of the lungs 
 
post-exposure prophylaxis  - 接觸病毒后預(yù)防治療 
    Treatment with anti-HIV drugs in a person who has just been exposed to HIV; the goal is to reduce the risk of infection 
 
pre-exposure prophylaxis  - 接觸病毒前預(yù)防治療 
    Treatment with anti-HIV drugs in a person who is at high risk of being exposed to HIV; the goal is to reduce the risk of infection if exposure happens 
 
PREP  
   See: pre-exposure prophylaxis 
 
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy  - 腦白質(zhì)病 
    A viral infection of the brain; symptoms include memory loss, loss of strength, coma and death 
 
prophylaxis  - 預(yù)防性治療 
    A drug taken to prevent an opportunistic infection from occurring or re-occuring; for example, Septra is a prophylaxis against PCP 
 
prospective study  - 前瞻性研究 
    A clinical study that looks forward in time; patients are selected and their progression is followed 
 
protease inhibitor  - 蛋白酶抑制劑 
    A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV by interfering with viral protease, an enzyme needed to create more copies of HIV proteins 
 
psoriasis  - 牛皮癬 
    A common skin condition with reddish scaly patches, often on the scalp, elbows, knees and trunk
QoL  
   See: quality of life 
 
quality of life  - 生活質(zhì)素 
    How comfortable someone’s life is; there are scientific scales that try to give a number value to quality of life