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英文合同常見實詞(Content Words)

1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee
在英文合同中這幾個詞都表示保證的含義。Represent 往往和warrant連用，出現(xiàn)在合同的聲明保證部分：
例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.
買賣雙方保證并聲明沒有中介介入交易磋商，且保證賠償對方因中介引起的索賠并使其免受損害。
例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.
根據(jù)離岸價格術語，賣方應保證根據(jù)在本合同第八條規(guī)定的時限內(nèi)，按買方通知的日期，裝運貨物至買方指定船只。
例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.
乙方保證機器設備未經(jīng)使用，性能良好、品質(zhì)卓越而且該設備能生產(chǎn)出鋼絲繩。
2． Principal place of business (principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office
在英文合同中，這幾個詞的意思分別是：主營業(yè)地、住所地、營業(yè)場所、注冊地。往往出現(xiàn)在前言的parties部分。
例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19- -, at ______, China, between ABC Co. with its principal office at ______, China (hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co. with its principal office at______, USA (hereinafter called Party B).
本合同于19**年4月1日于中國***簽訂，合同雙方為ABC公司（以下簡稱甲方），其主營業(yè)地位于中國***，和XYZ公司（以下簡稱乙方），其主營業(yè)地為美國***。
例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.
如被特許方承認違約，許可方則有權終止該協(xié)議且有權未經(jīng)通知在必要的營業(yè)場所采取任何盡責和授權行為。
例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at ________________.
本聘用協(xié)議訂立于*年*月*日，協(xié)議雙方為***（以下本公司），其按*州法律組織設立，注冊地為***，和***，自然人，國籍為*國，護照號碼為***，住址為***。
例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant.
本仲裁應在被申請人住所地的國家進行。
3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph
英文合同中的章、條、款、項分別用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。
例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10. 5 hereof.
借款人進一步不可撤消同意上述法院就該事宜訴訟或程序的送達，接受按照本合同第十條第五款指定的借款人地址寄來的美國航空掛號信，郵資已付郵件中的副本。
4． Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do
這一組短語是都表示有權做。Be entitled to表示to give sb. the right to sth.(to sth.)體現(xiàn)該權利法律上的強制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law體現(xiàn)法律上規(guī)定的權利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指經(jīng)授權而有的權利，至于do sth. at one’s option or/and discretion則指行為人自主決定的權利。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.
盡管如此，買方有權撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨礙買方索賠權之行使。
例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.
在上述第十四條第一款規(guī)定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行選擇決斷有權向乙方轉(zhuǎn)讓丙方或新公司的所有權及在建或竣工后基礎設施的所有權的全部或部分作為約定的固定數(shù)額的違約金來替代計算賠償實際損害，但該轉(zhuǎn)讓應為丙方自己自愿實施的行為或根據(jù)二十三條的規(guī)定基于仲裁裁決的處分。
又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.買方須于銷售確認書第三條所規(guī)定的日期之前開出本批交易的信用證。否則，售方有權不經(jīng)通知取消本確認書，或接受買方對本銷售確認書未履行的全部或一部分，或?qū)σ虼嗽馐艿膿p失提出索賠。
再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.
甲方任命的監(jiān)管人員及其代表應有權監(jiān)督工程進度并發(fā)出指令。
5． Perform, fulfill, execute, implement
英文合同表示合同履行時經(jīng)常用到這幾個詞，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指雙方履行合同的各項責任和義務，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract強調(diào)合同一方具體履行合同的義務。Execute implement表示則強調(diào)具體實施，execute也有簽約、生效的用法。
例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No. 79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.
有關第79hp-106號合同項下180公噸的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款項，我方堅持要求貴方盡快開立信用證以保證合同的履行。我方在此提請貴方注意該事實，同時從我公司購買低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已經(jīng)按先前的合同履行完義務，不久后，我方就提供了調(diào)整的價格并簽訂了一份產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的新合同。
例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent's stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof (the "June 25 Meeting"). Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform. such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.
合同任一方應竭盡全力來完成在此預期的交易并按本協(xié)議履行或促使交易的成交條件的履行。包括但不限于母公司盡力按日程在1999年6月25日召開的母公司股東會或該日期延后或休會期間通過母公司股東批準。本合同一方應在他方合理的要求下，應簽署并交付其他文件并切實履行本協(xié)議和預期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行為和事宜。
例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.
所有與合同或合同履行有關的爭議，應通過友好協(xié)商解決。
例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.
所有履行本協(xié)議規(guī)定所要求的或其他本公司經(jīng)營所需要的保存本公司賬冊記錄和準備財務報表的費用由本公司承擔。
6． Abide by, observe, obey, comply with
這幾個詞在英文合同中都表示遵守，服從，的意思。Comply with的主語通常是Sth.而observe和abide by則的主語通常是Sb.
例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.
所交付的設備應由乙方安裝調(diào)試，應完全符合本合同的技術要求和工藝質(zhì)量。
例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必須遵守和服從與該工程有關的一切適用法律規(guī)章和條例。
7 have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do,be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for,
在英文合同中這一組短語都表達有責任、有義務。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特點時，已經(jīng)述及，在此不再贅述。其他短語的用法，參看下例：
例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.
本公司沒有完全或隨附的任何法律義務向任何他人出售公司資產(chǎn)的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有權權益，或?qū)崿F(xiàn)本公司或任一子公司的并購、合并或其他的重組或簽訂有關以上事項的協(xié)議。
例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing. RCII公司沒有任何書面或口頭上的法律義務來做以上的任何一項。
例3： In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged/obligated
to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危險或有毒貨物的情況下，賣方有義務照管確保其屬性安全且應在每一包裝上標注通常采用的標識。
Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.
在買方通知的時限內(nèi)，抵達裝運港后，賣方應對買方承擔全部責任并對諸如空倉費、延滯費等所有損失和費用負責。
The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.
賣方對因任何不可抗力事件導致本買賣合同項下整批或部分貨物未能交付或延誤概不承擔責任。
8. effect
在基礎英語中，effect一般作名詞，指效果、影響，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了這些基本用法外，effect還常用作動詞表示實現(xiàn)、完成的意思。例如：
This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.
本合同從雙方簽字之日起生效。
The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.匯票一經(jīng)承兌交單，買方應在匯票到期時完成支付。此外，當表達實際上，事實上的含義時，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.
9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original
在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式幾份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有雙重雙份的意思，也常見in duplicate的用法，與此類似的還有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。
例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.
本協(xié)議文本可同時簽署兩份或多份副本。每一副本應視為一份原件，所有副本一起應構成唯一同一文件。
10．Incur
英文合同中incur指招致，引起，相當于基礎英語中的cause。通常以過去分詞incurred形式出現(xiàn)。
例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.
如果她的年齡超過15歲，則由買方承擔因此產(chǎn)生的平均保險費以外的費用。
例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.
產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)、銷售、分銷或開發(fā)引起的花費不得從被許可方的使用費中扣除。
11．To-wit
作為法律專用語，to-wit的意思為即，相當于基礎英語中的that is to say（i.e.）。
例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($1,011,150.00) cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good and
valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:
茲證明（通常省略不譯）：茲以乙方支付甲方的一百零一萬一千一百五十美元現(xiàn)金和其他為約因，特此確認充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、轉(zhuǎn)讓***，對所有權向乙方作一般保證如下，即：
12．Sanction, approval, examination
英文合同表示審批、批準時，常常使用這幾個詞，sanction尤其專用于合同。
例如：The amendment of the contract or other appendices shall come into force only after a written agreement has been signed by Party A and Party B and approved by the original examination and approval authority.本合同的修改或其他附件當僅當甲乙雙方簽署完書面協(xié)議后并經(jīng)原審批機關批準后方能生效。
例如：This sanction is lifted prospectively upon the filing of a proper registration.
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此外，sanction在英文合同中也常作制裁解。
例如：If Licensee is joined in such proceeding, Licensor shall indemnify and
hold harmless Licensee from and against any claim, sanction, liability, damages, attorney's fees, judgments or orders of any kind arising out of such proceeding.
如果被許可方參加該訴訟，許可方則應保證賠償許可方由該訴訟導致的任何索賠、制裁、債務、損害賠償、律師費、判決或任何裁令并保證免除被許可方有關責任。
13．Do sth. in its entirety
英文合同中do sth. in its entirety相當于基礎英語中的do sth. totally或do sth. as a whole，表示完全徹底地做某事。
例如：The Aggregate Revolving Commitment (and the Revolving Commitment of each Bank) shall terminate in its entirety on April 15, 1998 unless the Closing Date shall have occurred on or prior to such date.聯(lián)合周轉(zhuǎn)協(xié)議（及各銀行的周轉(zhuǎn)協(xié)議）應在1998年4月15日完全終止，除非結算發(fā)生在當天或先于該日期。
14．encumbrance, mortgage, charge, pledge, security, lien, security
mortgage相當于我國法律的抵押；pledge相當于質(zhì)押，lien相當于留置，security相當于擔保，保證；
encumbrance: A liability or claim which burdens property, e.g., a lease, mortgage, easement, restrictive covenant, rentcharge（Dictionary of Law, 6th edition, L.B.Curzon）指在財產(chǎn)上設定的債務或債權，如：租賃、抵押、地役、限制性契約，收租。試譯為他物權。
charge: 4. An encumbrance, e.g., on land, which secures payments for money(Idem) 一種擔保物權，如：土地上設定的用于付款的擔保，保證。
例如：Seller warrants that the goods are now free, and that at the time of delivery shall be free from any security interest or other lien or encumbrance.
賣方保證貨物現(xiàn)無約束，交付時應沒有設定擔保物權、其他留置權或債權。
例如：During the joint venture term of the Joint Venture Company, Without Party B’s written consent, Party A shall not create any option, right to acquire, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, or any other form. of security or encumbrance on, over, or affecting the whole or any part of its equity interest in the Joint Venture Company.
本合資公司合營期間，未經(jīng)乙方書面同意，甲方不得對本合資公司所有或部分股權設定期權、購并權、抵押權、保證、抵押權、留置權、或其他任何形式的擔?；騻鶛啵蛞蛞陨显O定影響本合資公司的所有或部分股權。
15．Pertinent, relevant
這兩個詞都是作為形容詞有關的，相關的含義，出現(xiàn)在英文合同中，pertinent似乎較relevant更為正式。
例如：All activities of the Cooperative venture company shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)的一切活動均應受中華人民共和國的法律、法令及有關規(guī)定和規(guī)章約制。
再如：In accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and other relevant Chinese laws and regulations, ABC Company and XYZ Company, in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultations, agree to jointly set up a Cooperative venture in Beijing, the People's Republic of China.
根據(jù)中華人民共和國中外合作企業(yè)法及有關法律法規(guī)，ABC公司與XYZ公司，本著平等互利的原則，經(jīng)過友好協(xié)商，同意共同在中華人民共和國設立合作企業(yè)。
16．Seek recourse to, resort to 在英文合同中都表示求助于，訴諸于的含義。
例如：The arbitration shall take place in Beijing and the decision of the Arbitration Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties; neither party shall seek recourse to a law court or other authorities to appeal for revision of the decision. Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
仲裁應在進行。仲裁委員會的裁定應為終局性，對雙方均有約束力。任一方不得訴諸于法院或其他機構上訴尋求修正該裁定。仲裁費應由敗訴方承擔。
又如：The exercise of a remedy does not waive the right of either party to resort to arbitration or reference.任一方行使補救權利不放棄其訴諸仲裁或仲裁程序的權利。

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