一.hereby
英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this
中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語；在條款中需要強調時也可用。
語法：一般置于主語后,緊鄰主語.

例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.
參考譯文:
業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內,按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規(guī)定的其它應支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。
注釋:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約; n. legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價,指工程的總造價
(6)such...as: 關系代詞,相當于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根據(jù),按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.
注釋：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據(jù)我們所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明
（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中
（5）documentary proof：證明文件
參考譯文：
特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
注釋：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎上
（4）through amicable consultation：通過友好協(xié)商
參考譯文：
本合同雙方， 公司（以下稱甲方）與 公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎上，通過友好協(xié)商，于 年 月 日在中國 （地點），特簽訂本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注釋：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協(xié)議
在法律文件中表示訂立本協(xié)議可用以下4個動詞：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點，可用上述4個動詞中的兩個來表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡稱乙方
參考譯文：
本協(xié)議特由中國 公司（以下簡稱甲方）與 公司（以下簡稱乙方）于 年 月 日訂立。

 

二 hereof
英文釋義: of this
中文譯詞:關于此點；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的本合同的、本文件的時，使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時，可以說the terms, conditions and provisions hereof，這里hereof表示of this Contract；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用any parts hereof，這里hereof表示of this Works。
語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。
hereof和thereof的區(qū)別：hereof強調of this。例如，上面的the terms, conditions and provisions thereof中的thereof表示of the Contract；any parts thereof中的thereof表示of the Works。


例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.
注釋：
（1） Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，whether or not：不論是否
（2） the owner of the goods：貨方
（3） without interruption：無間斷地
（4） carrier：承運人
（5） in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規(guī)定 hereof：of this Clause
參考譯文：
不論港口習慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，貨方都應晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運人需要），無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規(guī)定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應負擔賠償責任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
注釋：
（1） foreign trade dealers：對外貿易經(jīng)營者
（2） as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱
（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定
（4） legal entity：法人
（5） be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對外貿易經(jīng)營活動
參考譯文：
本法所稱對外貿易經(jīng)營者，是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對外貿易經(jīng)營活動的法人和其他組織。
例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.
注釋：
（1）a limited liability company：有限責任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof: of this Law
（4）may be registered as：登記為
參考譯文：
設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規(guī)定的條件。符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，不得登記為有限責任公司或股份有限公司。
例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.
注釋：
（1） as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因
（2） arbitrator：仲裁員
（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定
（4） be selected or appointed：選定或指定
參考譯文：
仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責的，應當依照本法規(guī)定重新選定或指定仲裁員。
例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.
注釋：
（1） conflict：相抵觸
（2） prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3） the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法為準 hereof：of this Law
參考譯文：
本法施行前制定的有關仲裁的規(guī)定與本法的規(guī)定相抵觸的，以本法為準。
例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.
The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.
注釋：
（1） the organization with compensatory obligations：賠償義務機關
（2） shall pay compensation：應當給予賠償
（3） the claimant for compensation：賠償請求人
（4） Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof：of this Law
（5） shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有權申訴
（6） claims compensation：要求賠償
（7） apply to/ in：適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument does not apply in this case. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.
參考譯文：
賠償義務機關對依法確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定的情形之一的，應當給予賠償。
賠償請求人要求確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定情形之一的，被要求的機關不予確認的，賠償請求人有權申訴。賠償請求人要求賠償，應當先向賠償義務機關提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規(guī)定。
例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility. The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.
注釋：
（1） arbitrator：仲裁員
（2） Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law
（3） bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔法律責任
（4） the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會
（5） remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名
參考譯文：
仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項規(guī)定的情形，情節(jié)嚴重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項規(guī)定的情形的，應當依法承擔法律責任，仲裁委員會應當將其除名。
例8
If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.
注釋：
（1） the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責的有關主管部門
（2） meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件
（3） the company registration authorities：負責公司登記的主管部門
（4） the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law
（5） apply for reconsideration：申請復議
（6） bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟
參考譯文：
依照本法，履行審批職責的有關主管部門，對符合本法條件的申請不予批準，或負責公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當事人可以依法申請復議或者提起行政訴訟。
例9
This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.
注釋：
（1） the crimes committed：犯罪行為
（2） against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定 hereof: of this Decision
參考譯文：
有限責任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。
例10
Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies or the Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.
Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof. Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.
注釋：
（1） companies registered：已登記成立的公司
（2） the Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies：《有限責任公司規(guī)范意見》
（3） the Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares：《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》
（4） the relevant responsible department of the State Council國務院有關主管部門
（5） in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由國務院另行規(guī)定
參考譯文：
本法施行前已登記成立的公司，應依照法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和國務院有關主管部門制定的《有限責任公司規(guī)范意見》，和《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》，繼續(xù)保留。其中不完全具備本法規(guī)定的條件的，應當在規(guī)定的期限內達到本法規(guī)定的條件。具體實施辦法，由國務院另行規(guī)定。
例11
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
注釋：
（1） unfair competition：不正當競爭
（2） business operators：經(jīng)營者
（3） contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定 the provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof：of this Law
（4） the lawful rights and interests：合法權益
（5） disturbing the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經(jīng)濟秩序
參考譯文：
本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經(jīng)營者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經(jīng)營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經(jīng)濟秩序的行為。

 

三 hereto
英文釋義: to this
中文譯詞:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的本合同的本文件的時，使用該詞。例如表示本合同雙方，可以說the Parties hereto，這里hereto表示to this Contract；表示本協(xié)議附件4，可用Appendix 4 hereto，這里hereto表示to this Agreement。
語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。
hereto和thereto的區(qū)別：同前面所言hereof和thereof的區(qū)別類似，hereto強調的是to this。

例1
All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.
注釋：
（1） the performance of this Contract：履行本合同
（2） through amicable negotiations：友好協(xié)商
（3） the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方
（4） shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進行仲裁
（5） the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國國際經(jīng)濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京）
（6） the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規(guī)則
（7） the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決
（8） unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外
參考譯文：
對于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭議，本合同雙方應友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無法解決爭議，則應將爭議提交中國國際經(jīng)濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京），依據(jù)其仲裁規(guī)則進行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用應由敗訴方承擔，但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。

例2
Patented Technology means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.
注釋：
（1） patented technology：專利技術
（2） patent：專利
（3） application for the patent：專利申請
（4） may have the right to control：可能有權控制的
（5） permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國家許可轉讓
（6） Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品 hereto: to this Contract
參考譯文：
專利技術，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的，或乙方有權或可能有權控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請。

例3
Technical Documents means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities. Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.
注釋：
（1） technical documents：技術資料
（2） the data and the information：資料
（3） engineering：工程
（4） manufacturing：制造
（5） original information：原始資料
（6） blueprint：藍本
（7） design sheets：設計圖表
（8） material specifications：材料規(guī)格
（9） photostats：影印資料
（10） general data：一般資料
（11） design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的設計及其說明書
參考譯文：
技術資料系指列于附件1與制造和維修合同產(chǎn)品有關的工程、制造及原始資料，包括與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的圖紙、藍本、設計圖表、材料規(guī)格、照片、影印資料和一般資料、設計及其說明書等，但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業(yè)務活動的資料。

例4
If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.
注釋：
（1） audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帳目
（2） Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3） the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具體的查帳內容和程序
（4） Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract
參考譯文：
乙方如需查核甲方的帳目時，應在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款規(guī)定開出的書面通知后10天之內通知甲方，其具體的查帳內容和程序詳見本合同附件4。

例5
The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.
The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question. The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design (whether patented or un-patented) without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.
注釋：
（1） either Party hereto：本協(xié)議各方 （不譯成one Party hereto）。
（2） improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設計
（3） discover, make or develop：開發(fā)
（4） manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件
（5） file application for Letter Patent：申請專利
（6） take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護程序 the same: Letter Patent
（7） any patent arising therefrom：由此產(chǎn)生的專利
（8） consistent with this agreement：與本協(xié)議不相矛盾
參考譯文：
本協(xié)議各方同意，一方對于有關生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件所做的改進、修正、更新發(fā)明或設計均應立即全部通知另一方。開發(fā)改進的一方可以自負費用并以自身名義申請專利或采取其它必要的法律保護程序，由此產(chǎn)生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協(xié)議的有效期內，另一方可以與本協(xié)議不相矛盾的方式無償使用和銷售利用改進、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設計（無論其是否取得專利權）生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。

例6
The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products. The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto (hereinafter referred to as the Technical Assistance Agreement).
注釋：
（1） certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術服務
（2） the technical assistance agreement：技術服務協(xié)議
（3） Appendix 2 hereto：本協(xié)議附件2 hereto：to this Agreement
參考譯文：
本協(xié)議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術服務，F(xiàn)CAM和Y將訂立技術服務協(xié)議并作為本協(xié)議附件2（以下稱作技術服務協(xié)議）。

例7
The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.
注釋：
（1） to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實際可能最大限度地
（2） data on management and financial information：管理和財務信息材料
（3） prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好會計和財務帳目
（4） available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以備本協(xié)議各方的檢查或審計 either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方 inspection：檢查 audit：審計
參考譯文：
本協(xié)議雙方同意保證FCAM將盡實際可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式樣，用于FCAM向協(xié)議各方提供管理和財務信息材料；并且FCAM應建好會計和財務帳目以備協(xié)議雙方的檢查或審計。

例8
The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question. Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.
注釋：
（1） Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本協(xié)議雙方授權的董事會 hereto：to this Agreement
（2） to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：業(yè)務管理
（3） the overall business management plan of the company：公司整體經(jīng)營計劃
（4） monitor the execution of the plan in question：監(jiān)督該計劃的執(zhí)行
（5） review and approval：審閱和批準
參考譯文：
本協(xié)議雙方同意授權管理FCAM的董事會對公司整體經(jīng)營計劃的報批和監(jiān)督執(zhí)行負責。該經(jīng)營計劃需要提交協(xié)議雙方審閱和批準。

例9
The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.
注釋：
（1） specialized machinery and equipment：特定機器設備 equipment：（單數(shù)形式）設備
（2） determined through mutual consultation：協(xié)商決定
（3） the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技術訣竅
（4） terms and conditions：條件
（5） (such) as：作關系代詞，意為which, that
參考譯文：
本協(xié)議雙方同意并將使FCAM同意Y將向FCAM出售，F(xiàn)CAM從Y購買經(jīng)過Y和FCAM協(xié)商決定的特定機器設備，以保證根據(jù)技術服務協(xié)議由Y向FCAM提供的技術訣竅得到有效使用，并以協(xié)議雙方同意的價格和條件成交。

例10
The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.
注釋：
（1） the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿
（2） outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務
（3） debtor：債務人
（4） creditor：債權人
參考譯文：
本合同期滿時，雙方之間發(fā)生的未了債務不受合同期滿的影響，債務人應向債權人繼續(xù)支付未了債務