合同語(yǔ)言與文本條款的寫作和翻譯
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措辭嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)暮贤瑮l款翻譯是英語(yǔ)翻譯中的一大難點(diǎn)。今天，譯聲翻譯公司從典型條款、關(guān)鍵詞、條款內(nèi)容解析等方面向您簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下合同語(yǔ)言與文本條款的寫作和翻譯吧。
典型條款及例句
This Contract and all appendices hereto shall be written in Chinese and English in duplicate. Each Party shall hold three (3) original copies of each version. Both versions are equally authentic.
This Agreement shall be written in both English and Chinese. If there is any conflict between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail.
The parties hereby covenant and agree that this Agreement is executed and delivered in both English and Chinese，and that in the event of any discrepancy between the two versions，the English version shall prevail.
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.（范文祥、吳怡，2008：232）
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts，each of which will be deemed an original of this Agreement，and which together will constitute one and the same instrument. Neither Party will be bound to this Agreement unless and until both Parties have executed a counterpart.（范文祥、吳怡，2008：232）
This Agreement is executed in English only，and the executed English language Agreement shall prevail in all cases. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts，each of which shall constitute one and the same agreement，and by facsimile or electronic signature.
This Agreement is signed in_____ originals，with each of equally binding force，and the Parties shall each keep______ originals. This Agreement is made in both Chinese and English. In case of any dispute as to the interpretation，the English version shall prevail.
This contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and in English language，one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for each Party，both texts being equally authentic. This contract shall come into force from the date it is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties. The annexes as listed in Article 10 shall form an integral part to this Contract .Any amendment and/or supplement to this contract will be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written documents，forming integral parts of the Contract.（王相國(guó)，2008：93）
All notices，demands，requests，statements or other communications to be made or given by the Borrower hereunder shall be in the English language. Any documents other than financial statements required to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement which are not in the English language must be accompanied by a certified English translation thereof and in the event of any conflict between the original of the document and the English language translation thereof，the English language translation shall for all purposes be deemed to be the correct and controlling version.（王輝，2008：96）
關(guān)鍵詞解說(shuō)
簽訂合同合同語(yǔ)言與文本條款的核心是合同用何種語(yǔ)言擬就及簽訂，其關(guān)鍵詞無(wú)疑是寫和簽。其實(shí)，這兩個(gè)貌似不同的詞在該條款中屬于同一概念，至少在英文合同中是這樣的，即簽訂。合同用中文撰寫，用英文簽訂，或反之，幾乎是不可能的，盡管簽名者可能只簽中文名或英文名，甚至法文名。所以，盡管在英文中簽訂 有很多不同的表達(dá)方式，翻譯成中文時(shí)雖然也有擬就簽署簽訂等詞語(yǔ)，但實(shí)質(zhì)上都只有一個(gè)概念：使合同生效。為此，除了經(jīng)授權(quán)人士在合同上簽名外，往往還需蓋上公司印章，并把已簽名的文本提交給對(duì)方。這個(gè)過(guò)程可能涉及返簽，即乙方（合同的起草方）先在若干份合同上簽字、蓋章后，全部寄給甲方；甲方簽字、蓋章后，除留下給甲方自己的合同正本外，將約定份數(shù)的合同通過(guò)掛號(hào)郵件寄送或親自提交給乙方。在以上典型例句中，表達(dá)該概念的句式有：
This Contract and all appendices hereto shall be written in Chinese and English；
This Agreement is executed and delivered in both English and Chinese；
This Agreement is executed in English only；
This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts；
This Agreement is signed in＿＿＿ originals；and
This Agreement is made in both Chinese and English.
上述例句中特別要引起對(duì)法律概念比較陌生的讀者注意的是execute一詞，它不但指簽署，還指蓋印并將文本遞交給對(duì)方負(fù)責(zé)人以使合同正式生效。雖然有時(shí)合同作者會(huì)額外使用一個(gè) be delivered的詞，但其實(shí)真正懂英文法律概念的人都知道 be executed 已經(jīng)包含這層意思，多用一個(gè)be delivered 雖然不怎么畫蛇添足（就普通英文而言，似乎還挺有邏輯、自然），但在一般情況下可以推斷出作者對(duì)法律英文中execute這個(gè)詞的含義缺乏足夠的認(rèn)識(shí)。
隨著科技進(jìn)步，簽立合同的方式也與時(shí)俱進(jìn)：（1）傳統(tǒng)的方式當(dāng)然是雙方代表親力親為，舉行簽字儀式，交換文本，握手言歡；（2）后來(lái)是返簽、掛號(hào)信寄回；（3）再后來(lái)是使用傳真方式將簽名后的合同文本傳回給對(duì)方，（4）而目前開(kāi)始流行以電子方式簽署合同。但事實(shí)上，以上四種簽立合同的方法都在使用。重大合同，尤其是國(guó)與國(guó)之間的合作項(xiàng)目或大額交易，常采用第一種最傳統(tǒng)的方式，有時(shí)甚至由外訪的國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人親自簽署。當(dāng)然，這類合同的簽訂，除了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的實(shí)質(zhì)意義外，更主要是政治上和外交上的象征性意義。以上第四種方法在合同條款中是這樣寫的：
This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts，each of which shall constitute one and the same agreement，and by facsimile or electronic signature.
由上述例句還可以看出，合同的有效文本可以有多個(gè)（in one or more counterparts）。又如：
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.
這個(gè)例句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是合同可以有多個(gè)副本，而且各個(gè)副本都跟正本同樣有效，但條件是這個(gè)副本上的簽字必須與正本上的簽字一致（signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement） 。
除了上述簽署合同的概念之外，寫作這一條款還牽涉的其他概念有：
合同何時(shí)生效： come into force from the date...（自之日起生效）；
合同效力：be equally authentic同等效力 / have equally binding force。同等法律效力讀者所熟悉的validity一詞倒不在此處使用。
條款內(nèi)容解析
語(yǔ)言與文本這部分內(nèi)容相對(duì)其他通用條款而言，形式較為單一，內(nèi)容相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單、固定。從第1部分10段例句中可以看出，該條款一般包括如下三個(gè)主要方面的內(nèi)容：
首先，指出該合同或協(xié)議（及其附件）以何種語(yǔ)言擬就或訂立，一式幾份。一般表達(dá)方式包括：This Contract/Agreement shall be written/executed and delivered/made out in (language) in (duplicate/...)；
例1.
This Agreement is executed in English only，and the executed English language Agreement shall prevail in all cases.
例2.
This Agreement is made in both Chinese and English.
例3.
This Contract and all appendices hereto shall be written in Chinese and English in duplicate.
例4.
This Agreement shall be written in both English and Chinese.或 This Agreement is executed and delivered in both English and Chinese.
例5.
This contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and in English language，one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for each Party，both texts being equally authentic.
除例1之外，以上各條均闡明合同用雙語(yǔ)擬就或簽訂。就條款的語(yǔ)言表述而言，例3、4均在濫用法律英語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall。如果這樣的表述出現(xiàn)在相關(guān)法律條文中，如民法或合同法，那是可以接受的，因?yàn)榉梢?guī)定合同應(yīng)當(dāng)用何種語(yǔ)言擬訂；但此處在陳述本合同的一種狀態(tài)或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的狀態(tài)：該合同是用何種語(yǔ)言擬訂的，所以用一般現(xiàn)在式表達(dá)比較妥當(dāng)。當(dāng)然，除本合同和附件外，還有其他一些后續(xù)文件，如通知、財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表之類的，該用何種語(yǔ)言制訂則可用以下句式來(lái)表達(dá)：
例6.
All notices，demands，requests，statements or other communications to be made or given by the Borrower hereunder shall be in the English language.
例7.
Any documents other than financial statements required to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement which are not in the English language must be accompanied by a certified English translation thereof.
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，以上表述就語(yǔ)言而言已有些過(guò)時(shí)?？梢愿?jiǎn)明地寫成：
All communications，including notices，demands，requests，statements，etc.to be made or given by the parties shall be in the English language.以及Any documents other than financial statements required to be delivered under this Agreement which are not in the English language must be accompanied by a certified English translation.
其次，為述明文本的效力，一般會(huì)在條款中指出兩個(gè)版本具有同等法律效力，表達(dá)方式包括： both versions/each version are/is equally authentic /have the same effect；
例8. Both versions are equally authentic.
例９. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.
再次，如果要規(guī)定在兩個(gè)或多個(gè)文本或版本出現(xiàn)內(nèi)容不一致或沖突的情形下應(yīng)以哪個(gè)版本為準(zhǔn)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的表達(dá)方式為：If there is any conflict between English and Chinese versions/ in the event of any discrepancy between two versions/ in case of any dispute，the English version shall prevail/ shall be deemed to be the correct and controlling version.其實(shí)，例8的寫法貌似公正，兩個(gè)版本同具法律效力，實(shí)際上在發(fā)生內(nèi)容不一致的情形下，該條款是相當(dāng)令其中一方頭痛的，有時(shí)甚至是勞民傷財(cái)?shù)?，因?yàn)楣f(shuō)公有理，婆說(shuō)婆有理，各執(zhí)己見(jiàn)是不能解決問(wèn)題的，最后可能為此而鬧到 公堂對(duì)簿 。依筆者之見(jiàn)，應(yīng)該以起草合同時(shí)的主要用語(yǔ)為準(zhǔn)，這樣在發(fā)生分歧時(shí)就會(huì)有據(jù)可依，因?yàn)榉g必然有詞不達(dá)意的時(shí)候，也不可能保證百分百正確。
例10.If there is any conflict between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail.
例11.In the event of any discrepancy between the two versions，the English version shall prevail.
例12.In case of any dispute as to the interpretation，the English version shall prevail.
例13.In the event of any conflict between the original of the document and the English language translation thereof，the English language translation shall for all purposes be deemed to be the correct and controlling version.
以哪個(gè)文本或版本為準(zhǔn)條款的表述一般都采用典型的法律條件句句型： 條件部分的引導(dǎo)詞為 if，in the event that (of) 或者in case (of)。筆者更傾向使用例10的句式，但conflict和 dispute在此語(yǔ)境中并非是最合適的，更恰當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)當(dāng)用discrepancy（分歧）。兩個(gè)版本有分歧，才會(huì)產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端(dispute)，或引起沖突或矛盾(conflict)。再說(shuō)，in the event that (of) 是個(gè)長(zhǎng)詞，可以用一個(gè)短短的if 解決，沒(méi)有必要用一個(gè)冗長(zhǎng)的詞組，表達(dá)一個(gè)極為普通、通常都會(huì)發(fā)生的概念；況且，后者一般都用來(lái)引導(dǎo)發(fā)生大事件或特別不幸的事件（李克興，2013）。
所以，表達(dá)這個(gè)概念更合理的句式應(yīng)該這樣： If there is any discrepancy between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail.當(dāng)然，in case of discrepancy 的表達(dá)方式也可以接受，一則可以豐富表達(dá)形式，另則也符合條件句引導(dǎo)詞 in case that (of) 的用法特點(diǎn)：主要表達(dá)不常發(fā)生的狀況；同一合同的不同語(yǔ)言的文本產(chǎn)生分歧，當(dāng)然是偶發(fā)狀況 （李克興，2008）。
還值得注意的是，以上表述是在20世紀(jì)末中國(guó)對(duì)外改革開(kāi)放、希望多多益善地吸引外資和使產(chǎn)品打進(jìn)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的特殊歷史時(shí)期、帶點(diǎn)委曲求全的條款用語(yǔ)，因此，即使合同簽署地是在中國(guó)，也不得不把非母語(yǔ)文本作為具有更高地位的統(tǒng)治文本（controlling version）；以后，隨著中國(guó)國(guó)力的逐漸增強(qiáng)，中國(guó)產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上地位的提高，這一條的說(shuō)法有所改變，這就是兩種版本同時(shí)有效的寫法：This contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and in English language，one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for each Party，both texts being equally authentic.近年，也曾出現(xiàn) If there is any discrepancy between the Chinese and English versions，the Chinese version shall prevail 的寫法。對(duì)于這類寫法，筆者持有異議，詳見(jiàn)下文推薦條款中的解析。
其他附加內(nèi)容及特殊條款
保險(xiǎn)公司、醫(yī)療服務(wù)業(yè)、律師行、投資公司等等，在客戶向其購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)時(shí)，根據(jù)有關(guān)監(jiān)管條例或法律必須向客戶提供翻譯服務(wù)至少他們有義務(wù)不能讓客戶對(duì)其出售的產(chǎn)品完全地莫名其妙。他們撰寫的產(chǎn)品介紹或銷售條款其實(shí)構(gòu)成其與客戶之間合同的一部分。因此向他們提供翻譯服務(wù)是避免日后被訴訟的必要的預(yù)防措施（已把丑話說(shuō)在前），所以這一部分是某些公司合同中的語(yǔ)言與文本條款的內(nèi)容之一，只是寫法上與上文介紹的普通合同中的語(yǔ)言與文本條款有所不同而已。試看以下保險(xiǎn)公司保單中的有關(guān)條款：
INSURER is required to provide oral translation services of information to any Enrollee who speaks any non-English language regardless of whether an Enrollee speaks a language that meets the threshold of a prevalent non-English language. INSURER is required to notify Enrollees of the availability of oral interpretation services and to inform them of how to access such services. There shall be no charge to Enrollee for translation services. INSURER shall make all written materials available in English，Chinese，and all other appropriate foreign languages.
Each Party shall hold three (3) original copies of each version.
保險(xiǎn)公司要為非以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的客戶（不管其英語(yǔ)是否達(dá)到相應(yīng)的水準(zhǔn)）提供有關(guān)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)的口譯服務(wù)。保險(xiǎn)公司要告知投保人有此口譯服務(wù)以及如何獲得服務(wù)。服務(wù)是免費(fèi)的。除此之外，保險(xiǎn)公司提供給這類客戶的書面資料必須是雙語(yǔ)的。
推薦條款
This Agreement and all its appendices (if any) is executed in English，and the Chinese version is a translation. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail. All communications，including notices，demands，requests，statements，etc.to be made or given by the parties in performing the Agreement shall also be in the English language. If they are not originally in English，a certified English translation shall be accompanied.
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.
這么明白的白話英文，其實(shí)已經(jīng)不需要任何英文譯文了。當(dāng)然，感性上，筆者非常贊成合同以中文文本為準(zhǔn)、或者兩種文本具有同等效力的較平等的措辭；但理性上，如果合同是用英文撰寫的，仍然應(yīng)以英文文本為準(zhǔn)（也許此媚說(shuō)二十年之后不再成立），因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域或生意辭令跟政治領(lǐng)域或外交辭令（那是在傳遞國(guó)家的立場(chǎng)）畢竟有別，況且要讓老外真正讀懂中文合同談何容易。在經(jīng)貿(mào)領(lǐng)域，為了不弄巧成拙，方便交流以使合同順利執(zhí)行，對(duì)強(qiáng)勢(shì)的英文語(yǔ)言還應(yīng)表示應(yīng)有的尊重。做成生意，在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的得益其實(shí)就是最大的政治。
典型條款及例句
This Contract and all appendices hereto shall be written in Chinese and English in duplicate. Each Party shall hold three (3) original copies of each version. Both versions are equally authentic.
This Agreement shall be written in both English and Chinese. If there is any conflict between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail.
The parties hereby covenant and agree that this Agreement is executed and delivered in both English and Chinese，and that in the event of any discrepancy between the two versions，the English version shall prevail.
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.（范文祥、吳怡，2008：232）
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts，each of which will be deemed an original of this Agreement，and which together will constitute one and the same instrument. Neither Party will be bound to this Agreement unless and until both Parties have executed a counterpart.（范文祥、吳怡，2008：232）
This Agreement is executed in English only，and the executed English language Agreement shall prevail in all cases. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts，each of which shall constitute one and the same agreement，and by facsimile or electronic signature.
This Agreement is signed in_____ originals，with each of equally binding force，and the Parties shall each keep______ originals. This Agreement is made in both Chinese and English. In case of any dispute as to the interpretation，the English version shall prevail.
This contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and in English language，one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for each Party，both texts being equally authentic. This contract shall come into force from the date it is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties. The annexes as listed in Article 10 shall form an integral part to this Contract .Any amendment and/or supplement to this contract will be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written documents，forming integral parts of the Contract.（王相國(guó)，2008：93）
All notices，demands，requests，statements or other communications to be made or given by the Borrower hereunder shall be in the English language. Any documents other than financial statements required to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement which are not in the English language must be accompanied by a certified English translation thereof and in the event of any conflict between the original of the document and the English language translation thereof，the English language translation shall for all purposes be deemed to be the correct and controlling version.（王輝，2008：96）
關(guān)鍵詞解說(shuō)
簽訂合同合同語(yǔ)言與文本條款的核心是合同用何種語(yǔ)言擬就及簽訂，其關(guān)鍵詞無(wú)疑是寫和簽。其實(shí)，這兩個(gè)貌似不同的詞在該條款中屬于同一概念，至少在英文合同中是這樣的，即簽訂。合同用中文撰寫，用英文簽訂，或反之，幾乎是不可能的，盡管簽名者可能只簽中文名或英文名，甚至法文名。所以，盡管在英文中簽訂 有很多不同的表達(dá)方式，翻譯成中文時(shí)雖然也有擬就簽署簽訂等詞語(yǔ)，但實(shí)質(zhì)上都只有一個(gè)概念：使合同生效。為此，除了經(jīng)授權(quán)人士在合同上簽名外，往往還需蓋上公司印章，并把已簽名的文本提交給對(duì)方。這個(gè)過(guò)程可能涉及返簽，即乙方（合同的起草方）先在若干份合同上簽字、蓋章后，全部寄給甲方；甲方簽字、蓋章后，除留下給甲方自己的合同正本外，將約定份數(shù)的合同通過(guò)掛號(hào)郵件寄送或親自提交給乙方。在以上典型例句中，表達(dá)該概念的句式有：
This Contract and all appendices hereto shall be written in Chinese and English；
This Agreement is executed and delivered in both English and Chinese；
This Agreement is executed in English only；
This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts；
This Agreement is signed in＿＿＿ originals；and
This Agreement is made in both Chinese and English.
上述例句中特別要引起對(duì)法律概念比較陌生的讀者注意的是execute一詞，它不但指簽署，還指蓋印并將文本遞交給對(duì)方負(fù)責(zé)人以使合同正式生效。雖然有時(shí)合同作者會(huì)額外使用一個(gè) be delivered的詞，但其實(shí)真正懂英文法律概念的人都知道 be executed 已經(jīng)包含這層意思，多用一個(gè)be delivered 雖然不怎么畫蛇添足（就普通英文而言，似乎還挺有邏輯、自然），但在一般情況下可以推斷出作者對(duì)法律英文中execute這個(gè)詞的含義缺乏足夠的認(rèn)識(shí)。
隨著科技進(jìn)步，簽立合同的方式也與時(shí)俱進(jìn)：（1）傳統(tǒng)的方式當(dāng)然是雙方代表親力親為，舉行簽字儀式，交換文本，握手言歡；（2）后來(lái)是返簽、掛號(hào)信寄回；（3）再后來(lái)是使用傳真方式將簽名后的合同文本傳回給對(duì)方，（4）而目前開(kāi)始流行以電子方式簽署合同。但事實(shí)上，以上四種簽立合同的方法都在使用。重大合同，尤其是國(guó)與國(guó)之間的合作項(xiàng)目或大額交易，常采用第一種最傳統(tǒng)的方式，有時(shí)甚至由外訪的國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人親自簽署。當(dāng)然，這類合同的簽訂，除了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的實(shí)質(zhì)意義外，更主要是政治上和外交上的象征性意義。以上第四種方法在合同條款中是這樣寫的：
This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts，each of which shall constitute one and the same agreement，and by facsimile or electronic signature.
由上述例句還可以看出，合同的有效文本可以有多個(gè)（in one or more counterparts）。又如：
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.
這個(gè)例句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是合同可以有多個(gè)副本，而且各個(gè)副本都跟正本同樣有效，但條件是這個(gè)副本上的簽字必須與正本上的簽字一致（signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement） 。
除了上述簽署合同的概念之外，寫作這一條款還牽涉的其他概念有：
合同何時(shí)生效： come into force from the date...（自之日起生效）；
合同效力：be equally authentic同等效力 / have equally binding force。同等法律效力讀者所熟悉的validity一詞倒不在此處使用。
語(yǔ)言與文本這部分內(nèi)容相對(duì)其他通用條款而言，形式較為單一，內(nèi)容相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單、固定。從第1部分10段例句中可以看出，該條款一般包括如下三個(gè)主要方面的內(nèi)容：
首先，指出該合同或協(xié)議（及其附件）以何種語(yǔ)言擬就或訂立，一式幾份。一般表達(dá)方式包括：This Contract/Agreement shall be written/executed and delivered/made out in (language) in (duplicate/...)；
例1.
This Agreement is executed in English only，and the executed English language Agreement shall prevail in all cases.
例2.
This Agreement is made in both Chinese and English.
例3.
This Contract and all appendices hereto shall be written in Chinese and English in duplicate.
例4.
This Agreement shall be written in both English and Chinese.或 This Agreement is executed and delivered in both English and Chinese.
例5.
This contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and in English language，one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for each Party，both texts being equally authentic.
除例1之外，以上各條均闡明合同用雙語(yǔ)擬就或簽訂。就條款的語(yǔ)言表述而言，例3、4均在濫用法律英語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall。如果這樣的表述出現(xiàn)在相關(guān)法律條文中，如民法或合同法，那是可以接受的，因?yàn)榉梢?guī)定合同應(yīng)當(dāng)用何種語(yǔ)言擬訂；但此處在陳述本合同的一種狀態(tài)或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的狀態(tài)：該合同是用何種語(yǔ)言擬訂的，所以用一般現(xiàn)在式表達(dá)比較妥當(dāng)。當(dāng)然，除本合同和附件外，還有其他一些后續(xù)文件，如通知、財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表之類的，該用何種語(yǔ)言制訂則可用以下句式來(lái)表達(dá)：
例6.
All notices，demands，requests，statements or other communications to be made or given by the Borrower hereunder shall be in the English language.
例7.
Any documents other than financial statements required to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement which are not in the English language must be accompanied by a certified English translation thereof.
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，以上表述就語(yǔ)言而言已有些過(guò)時(shí)?？梢愿?jiǎn)明地寫成：
All communications，including notices，demands，requests，statements，etc.to be made or given by the parties shall be in the English language.以及Any documents other than financial statements required to be delivered under this Agreement which are not in the English language must be accompanied by a certified English translation.
其次，為述明文本的效力，一般會(huì)在條款中指出兩個(gè)版本具有同等法律效力，表達(dá)方式包括： both versions/each version are/is equally authentic /have the same effect；
例8. Both versions are equally authentic.
例９. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.
再次，如果要規(guī)定在兩個(gè)或多個(gè)文本或版本出現(xiàn)內(nèi)容不一致或沖突的情形下應(yīng)以哪個(gè)版本為準(zhǔn)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的表達(dá)方式為：If there is any conflict between English and Chinese versions/ in the event of any discrepancy between two versions/ in case of any dispute，the English version shall prevail/ shall be deemed to be the correct and controlling version.其實(shí)，例8的寫法貌似公正，兩個(gè)版本同具法律效力，實(shí)際上在發(fā)生內(nèi)容不一致的情形下，該條款是相當(dāng)令其中一方頭痛的，有時(shí)甚至是勞民傷財(cái)?shù)?，因?yàn)楣f(shuō)公有理，婆說(shuō)婆有理，各執(zhí)己見(jiàn)是不能解決問(wèn)題的，最后可能為此而鬧到 公堂對(duì)簿 。依筆者之見(jiàn)，應(yīng)該以起草合同時(shí)的主要用語(yǔ)為準(zhǔn)，這樣在發(fā)生分歧時(shí)就會(huì)有據(jù)可依，因?yàn)榉g必然有詞不達(dá)意的時(shí)候，也不可能保證百分百正確。
例10.If there is any conflict between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail.
例11.In the event of any discrepancy between the two versions，the English version shall prevail.
例12.In case of any dispute as to the interpretation，the English version shall prevail.
例13.In the event of any conflict between the original of the document and the English language translation thereof，the English language translation shall for all purposes be deemed to be the correct and controlling version.
以哪個(gè)文本或版本為準(zhǔn)條款的表述一般都采用典型的法律條件句句型： 條件部分的引導(dǎo)詞為 if，in the event that (of) 或者in case (of)。筆者更傾向使用例10的句式，但conflict和 dispute在此語(yǔ)境中并非是最合適的，更恰當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)當(dāng)用discrepancy（分歧）。兩個(gè)版本有分歧，才會(huì)產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端(dispute)，或引起沖突或矛盾(conflict)。再說(shuō)，in the event that (of) 是個(gè)長(zhǎng)詞，可以用一個(gè)短短的if 解決，沒(méi)有必要用一個(gè)冗長(zhǎng)的詞組，表達(dá)一個(gè)極為普通、通常都會(huì)發(fā)生的概念；況且，后者一般都用來(lái)引導(dǎo)發(fā)生大事件或特別不幸的事件（李克興，2013）。
所以，表達(dá)這個(gè)概念更合理的句式應(yīng)該這樣： If there is any discrepancy between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail.當(dāng)然，in case of discrepancy 的表達(dá)方式也可以接受，一則可以豐富表達(dá)形式，另則也符合條件句引導(dǎo)詞 in case that (of) 的用法特點(diǎn)：主要表達(dá)不常發(fā)生的狀況；同一合同的不同語(yǔ)言的文本產(chǎn)生分歧，當(dāng)然是偶發(fā)狀況 （李克興，2008）。
還值得注意的是，以上表述是在20世紀(jì)末中國(guó)對(duì)外改革開(kāi)放、希望多多益善地吸引外資和使產(chǎn)品打進(jìn)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的特殊歷史時(shí)期、帶點(diǎn)委曲求全的條款用語(yǔ)，因此，即使合同簽署地是在中國(guó)，也不得不把非母語(yǔ)文本作為具有更高地位的統(tǒng)治文本（controlling version）；以后，隨著中國(guó)國(guó)力的逐漸增強(qiáng)，中國(guó)產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上地位的提高，這一條的說(shuō)法有所改變，這就是兩種版本同時(shí)有效的寫法：This contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and in English language，one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for each Party，both texts being equally authentic.近年，也曾出現(xiàn) If there is any discrepancy between the Chinese and English versions，the Chinese version shall prevail 的寫法。對(duì)于這類寫法，筆者持有異議，詳見(jiàn)下文推薦條款中的解析。
保險(xiǎn)公司、醫(yī)療服務(wù)業(yè)、律師行、投資公司等等，在客戶向其購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)時(shí)，根據(jù)有關(guān)監(jiān)管條例或法律必須向客戶提供翻譯服務(wù)至少他們有義務(wù)不能讓客戶對(duì)其出售的產(chǎn)品完全地莫名其妙。他們撰寫的產(chǎn)品介紹或銷售條款其實(shí)構(gòu)成其與客戶之間合同的一部分。因此向他們提供翻譯服務(wù)是避免日后被訴訟的必要的預(yù)防措施（已把丑話說(shuō)在前），所以這一部分是某些公司合同中的語(yǔ)言與文本條款的內(nèi)容之一，只是寫法上與上文介紹的普通合同中的語(yǔ)言與文本條款有所不同而已。試看以下保險(xiǎn)公司保單中的有關(guān)條款：
INSURER is required to provide oral translation services of information to any Enrollee who speaks any non-English language regardless of whether an Enrollee speaks a language that meets the threshold of a prevalent non-English language. INSURER is required to notify Enrollees of the availability of oral interpretation services and to inform them of how to access such services. There shall be no charge to Enrollee for translation services. INSURER shall make all written materials available in English，Chinese，and all other appropriate foreign languages.
Each Party shall hold three (3) original copies of each version.
保險(xiǎn)公司要為非以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的客戶（不管其英語(yǔ)是否達(dá)到相應(yīng)的水準(zhǔn)）提供有關(guān)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)的口譯服務(wù)。保險(xiǎn)公司要告知投保人有此口譯服務(wù)以及如何獲得服務(wù)。服務(wù)是免費(fèi)的。除此之外，保險(xiǎn)公司提供給這類客戶的書面資料必須是雙語(yǔ)的。
推薦條款
This Agreement and all its appendices (if any) is executed in English，and the Chinese version is a translation. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese versions，the English version shall prevail. All communications，including notices，demands，requests，statements，etc.to be made or given by the parties in performing the Agreement shall also be in the English language. If they are not originally in English，a certified English translation shall be accompanied.
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and they shall have the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of the Agreement.
這么明白的白話英文，其實(shí)已經(jīng)不需要任何英文譯文了。當(dāng)然，感性上，筆者非常贊成合同以中文文本為準(zhǔn)、或者兩種文本具有同等效力的較平等的措辭；但理性上，如果合同是用英文撰寫的，仍然應(yīng)以英文文本為準(zhǔn)（也許此媚說(shuō)二十年之后不再成立），因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域或生意辭令跟政治領(lǐng)域或外交辭令（那是在傳遞國(guó)家的立場(chǎng)）畢竟有別，況且要讓老外真正讀懂中文合同談何容易。在經(jīng)貿(mào)領(lǐng)域，為了不弄巧成拙，方便交流以使合同順利執(zhí)行，對(duì)強(qiáng)勢(shì)的英文語(yǔ)言還應(yīng)表示應(yīng)有的尊重。做成生意，在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的得益其實(shí)就是最大的政治。
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行業(yè)新聞相關(guān)問(wèn)答
問(wèn)：如果翻譯的稿件只有幾百字，如何收費(fèi)?
答：對(duì)于不足一千字的稿件，目前有兩種收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 1)不足一千字按一千字計(jì)算。 2)對(duì)于身份證、戶口本、駕駛證、營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照、公證材料等特殊稿件按頁(yè)計(jì)費(fèi)。
問(wèn)：請(qǐng)問(wèn)貴司的筆譯范圍？
答：筆譯翻譯又稱人工筆頭翻譯, 既通過(guò)文字形式的翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換, 把源語(yǔ)言翻譯成目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言, 是當(dāng)今全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展, 政治文化交流的主要方式, 筆譯通過(guò)文字展現(xiàn)方式, 使全世界上千種語(yǔ)言能夠互通有無(wú), 每天都有數(shù)以億計(jì)的文字被翻譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯, 筆譯肩負(fù)著世界各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)文化發(fā)展的重任, 是各國(guó)各民族的文化大使, 我們的筆譯領(lǐng)域涉及十大類專業(yè)領(lǐng)域和五百多種不同的分領(lǐng)域。
問(wèn)：是否可以請(qǐng)高校教師、學(xué)者或?qū)W生翻譯？
答：絕對(duì)不能，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自負(fù)。許多公司在尋找譯者時(shí)，首先想到的是當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)?；虼髮W(xué)的外語(yǔ)院系。有時(shí)，這種做法對(duì)于供內(nèi)部使用的翻譯可能有效，即，您只想了解文件大意，但對(duì)于正式的公司宣傳材料、手冊(cè)或者合同文檔而言，這樣做卻風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極大。外語(yǔ)教學(xué)需要有特殊的技能，但這些技能卻與翻譯一篇流利、優(yōu)美的文章所需的技能完全不同。讓學(xué)生來(lái)做翻譯看起來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠，但風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高，因?yàn)樗麄兒翢o(wú)實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，翻譯出來(lái)的文件基本無(wú)法使用。
問(wèn)：翻譯交稿時(shí)間周期為多長(zhǎng)?
答：翻譯交稿時(shí)間與您的文件大小以及復(fù)雜程度有關(guān)。每個(gè)專業(yè)譯者的正常翻譯速度為3000-4000中文字/天，對(duì)于加急的大型項(xiàng)目，我們將安排多名譯員進(jìn)行翻譯，由項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理將文件拆分成若干文件，分配給不同的譯員進(jìn)行翻譯，翻譯后由項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理進(jìn)行文件的合并，并經(jīng)統(tǒng)一術(shù)語(yǔ)、審校、質(zhì)控、排版等翻譯流程，最終交付給客戶。
問(wèn)：提供一個(gè)網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)址，能夠給出翻譯報(bào)價(jià)嗎?
答：對(duì)于網(wǎng)站翻譯，如果您能提供網(wǎng)站的FTP，或您從后臺(tái)將整個(gè)網(wǎng)站下載打包給我們，我們可在10分鐘內(nèi)給出精確報(bào)價(jià)。同時(shí)，只要您提供原始網(wǎng)頁(yè)文件，我們會(huì)提供給您格式與原網(wǎng)頁(yè)完全一致的目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言版本，可以直接上線使用，省卻您的改版時(shí)間。
問(wèn)：為什么標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)也要算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)？
答：①根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 19363.1-2003 對(duì)翻譯行業(yè)服務(wù)規(guī)范的要求，中文字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)是以不計(jì)空格字符數(shù)為計(jì)算單位的。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)是統(tǒng)一的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
②標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)在不同的語(yǔ)種中，有不同的表達(dá)方式，例如中文的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)大多是全角的，英文的無(wú)特殊設(shè)置都是半角的，而且如果一句話或一段內(nèi)容夾雜兩種不同的語(yǔ)言，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的規(guī)則就相對(duì)復(fù)雜，對(duì)于翻譯文件來(lái)說(shuō)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的部分也是很費(fèi)時(shí)。
③另外，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)在句子中對(duì)句子語(yǔ)境等的限制因素，使得標(biāo)點(diǎn)對(duì)句子、對(duì)譯員翻譯判斷等起到一定的要求。所以，該部分也要計(jì)算在內(nèi)。
④可能我們平時(shí)不是很注重標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，其實(shí)在文字表達(dá)中，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的重要不亞于單字單詞，一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)可以改變?nèi)湓挼囊馑?，而我們的工作也是做到了這一點(diǎn)，保證每個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的準(zhǔn)確，保證譯文表達(dá)的意思和原文一樣。
問(wèn)：需要與你們公司什么人接洽翻譯業(yè)務(wù)呢？
答：我們公司采取專屬客服服務(wù)模式。為企業(yè)客戶配備專屬客服，一對(duì)一溝通具體翻譯需求，組建專屬譯員團(tuán)隊(duì)。
問(wèn)：為何每家翻譯公司的報(bào)價(jià)不一樣?
答：大家都知道一分價(jià)格一分貨，在翻譯行業(yè)里更為突出，譯員的水平是劃分等級(jí)的。新開(kāi)的翻譯公司或不具備翻譯資質(zhì)的公司為了搶占市場(chǎng)，惡意攪亂，以次充好，低價(jià)吸引客戶。
問(wèn)：為什么數(shù)字、字母也要算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)？
答：根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 19363.1-2003 對(duì)翻譯行業(yè)服務(wù)規(guī)范的要求，中文字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)是以不計(jì)空格字符數(shù)為計(jì)算單位的。而數(shù)字、字母也是包含在其中。而對(duì)翻譯公司來(lái)說(shuō)，數(shù)字和字母也要算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)的原因還包括以下兩個(gè)方面：
首先，我們的收費(fèi)都是根據(jù)國(guó)家頒布的翻譯服務(wù)規(guī)范來(lái)收取翻譯費(fèi)用，對(duì)待收費(fèi)我們都是統(tǒng)一對(duì)待的，其次，數(shù)字和字母也是文章中的一部分，特別是在一些商務(wù)文件中，數(shù)字就是文件的主題，所以也是一樣要收費(fèi)的。
另外，純數(shù)字字母需要核對(duì)、錄入，比翻譯一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)更麻煩，翻譯是大腦里面概念形成的，而純數(shù)字字母是要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)暮藢?duì)、錄入才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這將會(huì)花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間，所以我們會(huì)把數(shù)字和字母也算成字?jǐn)?shù)。
但是有一種情況除外，如審計(jì)報(bào)告里面那種數(shù)據(jù)很多而且又不需要我們翻譯可以直接保留的，這部分我們可以不計(jì)算在內(nèi)。
問(wèn)：請(qǐng)問(wèn)貴司每天的翻譯量是多少？
答：我們公司最高翻譯記錄為一天翻譯50萬(wàn)字。原則上我們會(huì)在約定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成，但是時(shí)間和質(zhì)量是成正比的，慢工才能出細(xì)活，我們建議在時(shí)間允許的情況下，盡量給譯員充足的翻譯時(shí)間，以便交付優(yōu)質(zhì)的譯文。
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